Modern Rhetorical Criticism

194 Pages·2004·13.992 MB·English

by  Roderick P Hart, Suzanne M. Daughton

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heartofrhetoric.Weignorethematperoiul.raboutthesecircumstanacnedstoignorethose.Suchenticementslieattheandnotothers,tospendmoneyonthisproductandnotthatone,togrievehistory.Edaayc,hafterall,themassmediaentuicsetoremembersomethingsnonverbal—hastalcenaonpowearandreachneverbeforewitneisnsedhumanwell.Inaneraofelectronicmedia,rhetoric—whetheroral,written,voirsual,intovariousmedia,andthebooktakesthosepersufaosrimvesintoaccouanstdebateandthespokenword.Morecontemporarystudieshavebranchedouttraditionofcriticalinquiry.Historically,thistraditionhasfeaturedpublicofcriticismmakingupthathistory.Rather,weemphasizeprimarilytheU.S.ricalCritaicismcompletehistoryofrhetoritchaolughtofortherivalschoolsAnybookisnecessarilyselectTivhee.rweialdlenrotfindinModernRhetoworksmaigtsic.equipreatdheerwiththecriticaltoolsandattitudesneededtoseehowrhetoricofiesrhetoricproduincedtheUnitedStathteespastthirtyyears(;3)andtoinliterature,science,education,andentertainment;(2)toscarimtipcalelstudspecies—ratherthandifferentgenuses—whencompareitdstolessobvioususessothatitsusesinlaw,politics,religion,andcommerceareseenasdifferentItsgoalsarethreefold:to(1)brothadeenreader’sconceptoiofnpersuasionandforstudentsolfiterarycriticisminterestedinrhetoricalapproachestoideas.pubrhliectoric.ItiswrittenforthosetakingcourseworkinrhetoricalcriticismModernRhetoricalCriticismisacomprehensive,up-to-dateguidetboookple’slives.Toignorethemistoriskone’spolitimcaolr,al,andfinancialsecuritcharaacntedrsevecnotlslectintherhetoarirceanla.Allofthecmhangepeoslams,AdolphHiBtleigr’sLaniedA,rnoldSchwarzenegger.AlloftheseAIDSawarenesscampaigns,LaLecheLeagueInternational,werlefaforerm,visedevangelismT,heWestWing,theresurgenceofstatemirleitaialist,yTV,coverage,twenty-secondradiocommercialsI,nternetpoliticalcampaigns,teleisonceagainbeingstudiedwithgustoH.ere’sw“fhaiyr:andbalanced”newsscathingeditorial.Thispowercontinuebsetuonleashedtoday,andsorhetoricapoliticalplatfoorrmentaerecdhurchpulpitorhand-deliveredathatsomethingspescoimale,thingpowerful,happenedwhenafirebrandthinkersintheemergingdemocraocfiestheeighteceenntthury.EachsensedRnmbyans,medievalcourtiers,byRenaissancetheologians,andbypoliticalstuTdhyeofrhetoirsicoldanone.ItwasstubdyiedtheancientGreeksanu PREFACE .
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,sredaerrehmorfnoitaredisnocerlufthguohtsdnamedohw,dlanodcaMottsartnocnI.ssergnoC.S.Uefhotsllahehtnignitroperstropslanabs’hslasWemaTevitatneserpedRnasenilsuoulfillems’dlanodcaMaihtnyCneewtebtsartnockratsehtybdessarrabmetsomlaeblliwytilibisnescitehtseafonosrepynA ]5501E:2002,hslaW[.stnemhsilpmoccariefhotduorpedbluohsmaeteritsniehtdna,stluserhcustegotnoitacidedfosraeysekatti.nosaesenotsujfotluserehtsitiron,thginrevoneppahtonseodemoctuoefportsihT.mehthtiwdaorgnolsihtdelevartohswretroppusfoegaruotnedna.stnerap,ffatsgnihcaocehtdnemmocIdna,setelhtadetoveedsehtfoduormapI.snoipmahecurttuoemacyeht,emagehtrofnoissapdna,noitacided,krowdrahsseltnelerriehtfoesuacedbna,tropsehtretsamotdnuor-raeydrahkrowstnedutseseh.Tsetelhtdaetfigetareneotgseunitnocmargorpeht,dnekeewtsaspihtdeyalpsidsadna,margorpralletsarofnoitatuperehtdahsyawlasahessorcaLeesseneGtseW”.neese’,”IsemaggniticxetsomehtfoenosatwI“detatseresseMekiMhcaoCsA.yrotc9iv—01gniticnxaehtiweltitetatSehtdeniagermaetessorcals’nemeht,ytisrevinUartsfoHtanoonretfatahtretaL..d.eh.silpmoccayehttahwyltcaxesisidhtna,eltitetatsriehtdnefedotkrowYeN,dnaltrootCdelevartmaest’nemoweshatnagyeabdehT.potehtotyltnahpmuirtderaossmaethtobsa,stacdliWehtrofyrotsihninwodoglliwtahtyadelbaromemasawtI.seltitpihsnoipmahCAssalC,1noisiviDessorcaLetatSkroYweNehtderutpacsmaetessorcals’nemodwnas’neemhthtobsaloohchgSiHeesseneGtseWrofyadsuoirotcivaetarbeleotcesIir,rekaepS.rM .xedniyrteoephtnorewolerocsdluow,)semalbrosesiarptahthceepslainomerec(cirotehrcitciedipedellacskeerGehttahwfoelpmaxenaylsuoivboelihw,hceepsgniwollofehT.serusaehtmobnowolylevitarapmocerakoobenohplaitnediserehtnisgnitsileht,dnahrehtoehtnO.toiraeticontisayllufretsamosynorisesu,yllatnedicnitsuj,tahtesorpsuoegrogfoelpmaxecissalcasniamertiecnis,selacshtobnohgihylraelcsij“m.i.hesiarpotton,raseaCyrubotemocI“(hceepssuomafs’vnotn.AcraMfonoisrevs’eraepsekahS.esruocsidgnivomdnaelbaromemfoecneirepxeruoetaercotenibmocegassemniayrtsitraciteopdnalacirotehrfoseergedeht,esiwekiL.dlocrotaehfoecneirepxelacisyhpruoetaercotenibmocytidimuhdnaerutarepm,estulletstsigoloroetemsA.muunitnocemasefhotsdnetnereffidneveyehteraron,evisulcxeyllautumtoneraowtehT.ecntaohtobro,lacirotehrylhgriohciteopylhgihebnactcafitraroegassemnevigyna,ylniatreC.secnahchcusonsekatcirotehR.gnidnatsrednucisabnevegnignellahcsemitta,citamginednalacitpillegniebfoyruxulehtevahsuhtyamyrteoP.dereviledneebsahegassemehtretfagnolgninaestimrelvloumotecneiduastitsurttonnacti;traevitcanasicirotehR.knihterdnadaereotremitsahohweno,redaerevitalpmetnoacsemussanetfoyrteop,tsaeltamrofnettirwstinI.srehtonahtkoolluferaacdrawerotylekileromeblliwstcafitraroselpmaxeniatrec,koohsihtnierolpxelliwewhcihwfolareves,noitacinummocfomuidermehtonahtiwsA.cirotehrmorfreffidnac,lacirotehrylhgihsemittaelihw,yrteoptaht MSOITIRCOTNOITCUDORTNi:TI!NU4
ltsuiu,dfebnela,tcenanr,yeeosuiibpgtsa.tseisnacsfpreoucemochoetsuusCrte,recciivisettiehscittilalIueralbbpdearncniansetoauicvsaosrldapnpamimocssieyanmmsooimi.sSddesnvdaaeopn,lnsasaomgbmoncuiseahrbhechtaeognitdcnredaoptfnssareearefsdonnstineoaifsuhtotaeddhtnneracueaonfenip..yyreseakitshnssiTeecmearnfdeeomnnrimnaki,otstesisarvdihetf-ihca. ,notttoeiuetnrbaeaifltzhiotpnreadtleielluehitabtoaomhgsemridtulOu....sevnlireeehtcnsianriewpueevotevafaeiwhiyhlthncoa,enesIvadrsewcneinalhotehiltobtiualfpweeorcltsearevietfpes,wdeucmaepgdn,liretnsoeiavlw-u.elnirae.henvIgcdoitarvoruysrreorfvrheuch.toaeotdeneseeuednanwce.eepgbreengadinWrrideeiotkftofensiveussasdennaippahgnihssrgionnwfiaeeebmhltulmeahratasentwagatrnshiitohteptshmoTim.seuyrssaie.dsceniemrohea,mctlTseoalrsyncaosiocgciteoilrlofuoseoopdmiretntineryeehafbfgei,mnuswdesrordvehetetnshaitssogrennbiratlealaambhuthezmgsdronectaehctrreeodocpfnnsaaerreeylclioettcnniaeruhtpnneeancgonoitcginvindronoca.tnehsachrcenguesdunnoaruhfmtroTpeeepchtdnminoacnoissaepcfnnomoaiotntricecoihgptfrvnoonimiodcnaethstnrsdeioedsanbuelcaatednplena.tAmenhcegaumeodpreyhvlteninoaheccbaecdleareuorpTw-o?Necsarm,,rradeeeghrtntaahhgudlo?rreeohvcoetwTaiehpceearawwoH ,,sykaesshaste.asnhuItecudaC,endiezsaagba-hmsietyirhartsofBs,enaaiemtalaoarLsDweshetniloH,redstaisneilHhatddeudbeBi.lticeTxahegfiTntirawo,elelhltopfmraofxe,re.dtidsrasoneataeohehetChthgnoitny,fcassiiatthaatsmcigteaerrooppmdeesmtvenaeehsm.,eetsttneaantehetrsetgflmaiOrcseeotsgrtaosfesebmgntiateareeygnlrbcpetotaeteirprgsawnynhreaeotbsiy.mlthruaoelnHC?s’hsslgesanaimWvarJdensna-afilretssceseirbadloeltapethsrutumB.sselnliassu,itbsartnocnie,vihtsaltan.eWysteirlipbeeatRberotrcapnyohtitcdlinbaeitsesrocpnocsniehtegwntiesmbonooorifhtcacsaattiiv;mrreedpmontoassuwoervig:terIusahacelguespnsirdseaevekraytstiimacihfifwckoecpalss.ihmeTopreghnfidotalaeurssearootdmesthtceephtsxaeyheltcwcnaeixerdeuhaslldeltraenvoedncaiahs,tM)an”evsrteCahcdweleihttaWlutasr’tgenlo“(cdeisfincyleorpyiastecliepcrlaoos’ph.selcaneWideulsiaobethaslinaovpasersrnoofiy”tnfpfaoomehttuotscei“rhtsl,aerreeWcdhiasasugsfalrnoceiphtemsoestasareeeps.houdarcoeceeBohRsttkrnaimdesairerhneyelhhnwginebdeliemssseuenhoituHgaeyll,shiostwhcnednmahsiddnyearblseibtthalfcsrtenewutitss’enhvoisctlaatnWeser,ypfhfeuwRthschtuissdiwellifdroceR1rnoisscrgnoyCehhwtydutssoutmsseitlicritvtcinirirCotehnrRedoM.shecgiuohorcirehhtttsrroegshtnpoliet,othrtonaptfltirlraouoppfmtoiie,lmaiosvtiirtfohcum.ciroteechrudhosrlpa.’IWesekilmaeJl,pnooeipssefy,ronriyeapvdeyrevetuB.spa,thirfeoptesrhfo.TteoiwmtossartealO.cirssioit.hsetThnremetatssuroerevdno,o.s)epé“h.mcoils,cegdrinteitraiciufitq.neor.pnyrUotsihnwoodllgiyniteawldabathrtsIoaa“msw(tensmeumeotratesrdesivnhoop,)“..dnapotoytlethntahpdesmrhaumtiorastoetbse“é(hmciolscersiithnyagagndeeitbhaTci“f(itnsoupohitidsewmitrhisuesqkhusaslmaW SEVLITACCIERPSO1REEERIH-PEITTRPAHC
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tothedesire(andchoice)bybeingdriventoinsecurityYoungHeterosexualdaily,withthistaleathousandtimesTVcommercialtellsTheaverageendorses.therhetorchoice,narrowedbesetrightbymakingthebutthatitcansoonbytheaudience)choice-making(hencerequiringnewnotyetfundamentallyrighttheworldisthatestablishandtherhetormustgaucheorpaternalisticwithoutappearingmust“help”work:TherhetorSopersuasiontakessomeoneelse.bystrainedasolutionprematurelycontheirsearchforalsonaturallyresisthavingpeople- so.so.Andifforcedtodotodoforcedmakingchoicesunlessurallyresistnatmostpeoplechoices,eventhoughuserofrhetoricpeddlesThus,thethepoliciesadvocated.ofthedetailsbynotspecifyingrhetormaybecomesubtlethough(5)theeventhesechoices,optionsformakingtheaudience’smustnarrowtherhetor(4)made:choicesbethatnewmustconvincetheaudience(3)therhetorploiter;thananexasahelperrathertoregardedbe(2)therhetormustcometure);ortorforces(likegunsratherthannon-symboliccommunication)nonverbaland(verbalsymbolstoexertchangebyusing(1)therhetortriesbasicmoves:taskinvolvesfiveever’rhetoricaldefinitionofrhetoricabove,ourGivenitssake.itisnevertoldforownawithapurpose;tellsisalwaysstorystoryrhetoricThefeelingsandbehaviors.toaudiences’informationinfluencelanguage,andspecifIcideas,conventionalrhetoricusescommonWalsh’sspeech,Asweseeinmaynothaveconsidered.planswewemayhaveforgotten,feelingsbringtolifenothing,usingwordstoastoryoutofpoetry,rhetoriccreatesLikeisanart.Likepoetry,rhetorictoanswerthem.inbutnotreadersprovokequestionshercounsel,contenttothepoetkeepsherownmorethananother,interpretationoneinthepoemthatsupportprovidingcluesclaims.ApartfromsupporttheirtoneedtooffertextualevidenceAllcriticsdoesnotresolvethesedisputes.herselfisthatthepoerthingtonotehereabout.Buttheimportantdebatecriticsthatthesortsofthingsandtheyareinterpretationsarepossible,theseAnyofbyfreelymanipulatedmen.tobeobjectpliablewomanbecomesainwhichworldofphysicaldominanceamasculineebratingcelasaretrogradesexist,OthersmightseeMacdonaldproducts.agriculturalandtheirbetweenhumansprimitiveconnectionsforayintothenaturalisticasaabove,andsecthispoemweofferreadingbythefeministunconvincedbestory?SamemightofCynthiaMacdonald’sButwhatisthemoraltotheaudience.moralofthestoryisclearthetobesurethattakesspecialpainsusesrhetoric)(thatis,theonewhorhetorastory,thebutandpoetrytellBothrhetoricofthatdifference.mensionsthedicontenttoletusexplorebutsheseemsafterreadingherpoemdifferentustobeherstoryShewantsusfindourownstorywithintoletwillingmoreseemsMacdonald,incontrast,thatwegethisstorystraight.hisinconcernishboorisalmosthelesspatientthanMacdonald;poem.Walshseemsdonald’sthatinMacremarksismissingalsoapurposivenessinWalsh’sThereis RHETORICALPERSPECTIWCHAPTERI:THE1