Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

1682 Pages·2016·223.45 MB·English

by  Andrew D. Althouse, Carl H. Turnquist, Alfred F. Bracciano, Daniel C. Bracciano, Gloria M. Bracciano

Modern
Refrigeration
and
Air Conditioning
by
Andrew D. Althouse, BS, (ME), MA
Carl H. Turnquist, BS, (ME), MA
Alfred F. Bracciano, BS, M.Ed., Ed. Sp.
Daniel C. Bracciano, BSME
Gloria M. Bracciano, BA, MA, Ed. Sp.
Publisher
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Tinley Park, IL
www.g-w.com
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Copyright © 2017
by
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Previous editions copyright 2014, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1988, 1982, 1979, 1975, 1968, 1960,
1958, 1956, 1950, 1944, 1943, 1939, 1936, 1933
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any
form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval
systems, without the prior written permission of The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2015039667
ISBN 978-1-63126-354-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 – 17 – 20 19 18 17 16
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Cover images: Emerson Climate Technologies; Arkema, Inc.; Stride Tool Inc.; Danfoss; Tempstar
Back cover image: Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. – YELLOW JACKET Products Division
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Althouse, Andrew D., author. | Turnquist, Carl H., author. | Bracciano, Alfred F., author. |
Bracciano, Daniel C., author. | Bracciano, Gloria M., author.
Title: Modern refrigeration and air conditioning / by Andrew D. Althouse, Carl H. Turnquist, Alfred F. Bracciano,
Daniel C. Bracciano, Gloria M. Bracciano.
Description: 20th edition. | Tinley Park, IL : The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., [2017] | Includes index.
Identifi ers: LCCN 2015039667 | ISBN 9781631263545
Subjects: LCSH: Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery. | Air conditioning.
Classifi cation: LCC TP492 .A43 2017 | DDC 621.5/6--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039667
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Pr eface
Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning This 20th edition incorporates many changes:
is the standard for a new generation of learner. This • New technical updates include added informa-
classic is an excellent blend of theory, skill develop-
tion on variable refrigerant fl ow (VRF) systems,
ment, and service techniques to help you learn how to
microchannel heat exchangers, variable frequency
install and service refrigeration and HVAC systems.
drives, thermostat diagnostics, HC and HFO
Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning delivers
refrigerants, and additional Code Alert features.
comprehensive and authoritative content on the basic
New and updated content focusing on energy ef-
and advanced principles of refrigeration and air con-
fi ciency includes air-side economizers and multi-
ditioning, provides excellent instruction and training
stage and zoning thermostats.
in the skills and techniques essential for servicing and
• Over 400 new images and illustrations have been
troubleshooting, and emphasizes career opportunities,
added throughout the textbook.
workplace skills, and safety.
• A new Careers and Certifi cation chapter and new
The content in Modern Refrigeration and Air
Service Call Scenario features provide you with an
Conditioning is correlated to the curriculum guides and
overview of career opportunities available in the
competencies used for HVAC Excellence and PAHRA
HVACR industry and an introduction to workplace
program accreditation. The accreditation curriculum
skills that will help you succeed in your career
dovetails with entry-level and professional certifi ca-
goals.
tion exam requirements. Thus, Modern Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning is a valuable resource as you • A new Safety chapter provides an overview of
begin your journey toward entry-level certifi cation, safety-related topics to complement the strong,
employment, professional certifi cation, and career existing contextual safety information located
advancement. throughout the chapters.
Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning has In the coming years, the number of new positions
been carefully designed and crafted to make your learning in the HVACR industry combined with open posi-
experience effective and effi cient. Concepts are explained tions due to retirements is expected to be signifi cantly
clearly and simply, with text narrative supported by greater than the number of new employees entering
numerous engaging and attractive illustrations. The the fi eld. This will create a shortage of trained workers
preview and review features in each chapter—Chapter and a surplus of employment opportunities. You are
Outline, Technical Terms list, Review of Key Concepts, and entering the HVACR fi eld at an ideal time, and Modern
Summary—help you quickly master HVACR concepts Refrigeration and Air Conditioning will be a fantastic
and topics. resource for you as you build your career!
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About the Authors
Andrew D. Althouse received his engineering degree Mr. Bracciano is a life member of the American
from the University of Michigan. He was the Assistant Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Director of the Vocational Education Department at Cass Engineers (ASHRAE), Refrigeration Service Engineers
Technical High School in Detroit and later became the Society (RSES), Association for Career and Technical
Supervisor of Vocational Education for Detroit. As a leader Education (ACTE), and the American Technical Education
in the fi eld, he and his coauthor Carl Turnquist created Association (ATEA).
one of the fi rst training programs in refrigeration while Dan Bracciano graduated from Oakland University
at Cass Technical High School. Andy, as he was known, in Rochester Hills, Michigan, with a bachelor of science
created the fi rst technical training course in refrigera- degree in Mechanical Engineering. He began his career
tion for industry. The instructional materials used in in HVACR at the Warren Schools Career Center, grad-
this fi rst course became the foundation for the text- uating in HVACR, and worked in the HVACR fi eld
book Modern Electric and Gas Refrigeration, which was performing residential and commercial HVACR instal-
published in 1933. Mr. Althouse was a Member of the lations and service.
American Society of Refrigerating Engineers. Dan has over twenty-fi ve years of experience work-
Carl H. Turnquist earned his engineering degree ing in design development and manufacture of HVAC
from Wayne State University in Detroit and, along with systems for Fiat/Chrysler, General Motors, Mitsubishi
Mr. Althouse, developed one of the earliest training pro- Climate Control, and Alternative Energy Corporation.
grams to provide instruction for mechanical refrigeration He holds several patents in the fi eld, including a patent
for the automotive industry and for railroad passenger for a Modular Hermetic HVAC system. Dan is a mem-
cars. With industry support, Carl’s program fl ourished ber of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
as the demand for skilled technicians in this new fi eld and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the
expanded. The Modern Electric and Gas Refrigeration book Mobile Air Conditioning Society (MACS).
was revised every three to fi ve years as new equipment Gloria Bracciano received a bachelor’s degree
was developed. The title of the book was eventually in Education, a master’s degree in Curriculum and
changed to Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Instruction, and an education specialist degree in
Mr. Turnquist was an Associate Member of the American Administrative Leadership. She completed coursework in
Society of Refrigerating Engineers. Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration
Alfred Bracciano received a bachelor of science through Oakland and Macomb Community Colleges.
degree in Industrial Education with Certifi cation in Ms. Bracciano has worked in the fi eld of education
Vocational Education from Wayne State University for over twenty-fi ve years and has held positions as both
in Michigan. He also earned a master’s degree in university professor and administrator. She has also
Secondary Education and a Specialist degree in served as the Provost of Gulliver Schools. Ms. Bracciano
Administration and Supervision. specializes in development and implementation of inno-
Mr. Bracciano was employed as a teacher of vative curriculums and has presented at local, state, and
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning for twelve years. national conferences.
He then became Director of Career and Technical Ms. Bracciano is a member of the American
Education for Warren Consolidated Schools in Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Warren, Michigan. He taught Community Resources Engineers (ASHRAE), Refrigeration Service Engineers
Workshops for Michigan State University and pre- Society (RSES), and the American Technical Education
sented at conferences throughout the country. Association (ATEA).
The authors and publisher wish to thank Connie Habermehl,
Administrative Assistant for Associated Technical Authors, for her
contributions to this and previous editions of Modern Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning.
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Reviewers
The authors and publisher wish to thank the industry and teaching professionals listed below for their
valuable input into the development of Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. The authors and publisher
wish to express particular gratitude to the following individuals:
Dr. Christopher Molnar, of Porter and Chester Don Crawshaw, of Salt Lake Community College,
Institute, for writing three sections for and for his detailed review of commercial refrigeration
providing a detailed technical review of the chapters.
thermostats chapter.
Randy F. Petit, Sr., of HVAC Excellence, for his
extensive review and suggestions.
Greg Jourdan, of Wenatchee Valley College, for
his detailed technical review of the electrical Howard Weiss, of HVAC Excellence, for his detailed
controls systems and energy management review of certifi cation and industry association and
content. general guidance.
Jerry Weiss, Thomas Tebbe, and Coy Gibson, all of HVAC Excellence, and Warren Lupson, of
PAHRA/AHRI, for their frequent and generous contributions of guidance and wisdom.
Anthony L. Baham Danny Burris George Frank
South Central Louisiana Technical Eastfi eld College of the Dallas British Columbia Institute of
College County Community College Technology
Morgan City, Louisiana District Burnaby, British Columbia,
Mesquite, Texas Canada
David Blais
Ivy Tech Community College Terry Carmouche Rod Fronk
Indianapolis, Indiana South Central Louisiana Technical Wichita Technical Institute
College Topeka, Kansas
Terry Bradwell
Reserve, Louisiana
Midlands Technical College David W. Fuller
West Columbia, South Carolina Michael Chandlee Clovis Community College/Air
Tennessee Technology Center at One HVAC Sales and Service
Stevan Brasel
Pulaski Clovis, New Mexico/Portales,
Moraine Valley Community
Pulaski, Tennessee New Mexico
College
Palos Hills, Illinois James Conway Tim Gohdes
Lindsey-Cooper Refrigeration Central Texas College
Michael Brock
School Killeen, Texas
Florida Coast Career Tech/Florida
Irving, Texas
State College at Jacksonville Brad Guthrie
Jacksonville, Florida Rick Dorssom Front Range Community
Hillyard Technical Center College
Mark R. Buller
St. Joseph, Missouri Fort Collins, Colorado
British Columbia Institute of
Technology Patrick Duschl Marvin J. Hamel
Burnabay, British Columbia, Fortis College Locklin Technical Center
Canada Cincinnati, Ohio Milton, Florida
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vi Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
James H. Hanway James Martini Doug Sallade
Northland Career Center Henry Ford Community College Cypress College
Platte City, Missouri Dearborn, Michigan Cypress, California
Gary L. Harrison Todd Matsuba Thomas E. Shifl et
AG&H Contractors LLC Northern Alberta Institute of
Greenville Technical College
Baton Rouge, Louisiana Technology
Greenville, South Carolina
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Patrick Heeb
Allen Smith
Long Beach City College Richard McDonald
College of Lake County
Long Beach, California Santa Fe College
Grayslake, Illinois
Gainesville, Florida
John Henry
Diablo Valley College John L. Mulder Stephen V. Spletzer
Pleasant Hill, California Roanoke-Chowan Community Arkema Inc.
College King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
John P. Ingram
Ahoskie, North Carolina
Northwest Community College Donald Steeby
Senatobia, Mississippi Patrick Murphy Grand Rapids Community College
Quinn-Murphy Consulting, LLC Grand Rapids, Michigan
Gordan Jacoby
Spring Lake, New Jersey
Milwaukee Area Technical College
Richard C. Taylor
Oak Creek, Wisconsin
Keith J. Otten
Pennsylvania College of Technology
Southwestern Illinois College
Robert Johnson Willamsport, Pennsylvania
Belleville, Illinois
Amarillo College
Mark Tyrrell
Amarillo, Texas
Joseph G. Owens
Franklin Technical Center
Antelope Valley College
Nick Kyriakopedi Joplin, Missouri
Lancaster, California
Laney College
Oakland, California Glenn Walsh
Jeffrey Patronek
British Columbia Institute of
Alfred State/SUNY College of
Aaron Latty
Technology
Technology
Robert Morgan Educational Center
Alfred, New York Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
Miami, Florida
Joseph Pellecchia Chad Wheat
Mark Loan
Platt Regional Vocational Georgia Northwestern Technical
Red River College
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Technical School College
Milford, Connecticut Rome, Georgia
Raul Lopez
Houston Community College Whit Perry Gerald L. Williamson
Houston, Texas Northwest Mississippi Montgomery College
Community College
Rockville, Maryland
Barbara MacQueen Senatobia, Mississippi
Vancouver Island University Harold Wynn
Cowichan Campus, British Jesse R. Riojas
Wichita Technical Institute
Columbia, Canada Oakland Community College
Joplin, Missouri
Auburn Hills, Michigan
Rick Marks
Robert G. Young
Cisco College Terry Robinson
Autry Technology Center
Abilene, Texas Lincoln Technical Institute
Grand Prairie, Texas Enid, Oklahoma
Gary Marowske
Flame Heating, Cooling, Plumbing Terry Rogers Brian Youngblood
& Electrical Midlands Technical College Atlantic Technical Center
Warren, Michigan West Columbia, South Carolina Coconut Creek, Florida
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Acknowledgments
The authors and publisher would like to thank the following companies, organizations, and individuals for
their contribution of resource material, images, or other support in the development of Modern Refrigeration and
Air Conditioning.
A-1 Components Corporation Carrier Corporation, Subsidiary of Flame Heating, Cooling, Plumbing &
AAON United Technologies Corp. Electrical
ABB Stal Refrigeration Corporation Carrier Transicold Division, Carrier Corp. Fluke Corporation
Abbeon Cal, Inc. CCI Thermal Technologies Inc. Frigidaire
ACCA – The Indoor Environment & CertainTeed Corporation Frigidaire Company
Energy Efficiency Association ClimateMaster Fujitsu General America, Inc.
Aeroquip Corporation CMP Corporation Fusite
AlCoil, Inc. Gates Corporation
Comfortmaker GNJ, International
Alerton Comfort Products Corporation GEA Heat Exchangers
Alfa Laval Inc. Continental Industries, Inc. General Filters, Inc.
All American Heating & Cooling
Control Resources, Inc. Goodman Manufacturing Company
Allanson Inc.
Control4 Corporation Goodway Technologies Corp.
Alto-Shaam, Inc.
Cooper Tools, Nicholson Grasslin Controls Corporation
Amana Refrigeration, Inc.
GrayWolf Sensing Solutions, LLC
Copeland Corporation
American Saw & Mfg. Company
Haier America
Corken Steel Products
Amprobe
Hampden Engineering
Cyber Prodigy LLC
Andersen Corp.
Harris Group
Daikin Applied
A. O. Smith
Hartford Compressors, Inc.
Appion, Inc. Danfoss
Heat Controller, Inc.
Arkema, Inc. DENSO Sales California, Inc.
Henry Technologies, Inc.
Armacell LLC Dial Manufacturing, Inc.
Hill Phoenix, Inc.
Arzel Zoning Technology, Inc. Dispensed Water Div. of Elkay Mfg. Co.
hilmor
Bacharach, Inc. DiversiTech Corporation
Hi-Velocity Systems
Bally Refrigerated Boxes, Inc. DuctSox Corporation
Honeywell, Inc.
Baltimore Aircoil Company Dunham-Bush, Inc.
Hoshizaki America, Inc.
BernzOmatic
DuPont Company
Hussmann Corporation
Bitzer
DuPont Energy Management Co., Inc.
Ice Energy, Inc.
Blissfield Manufacturing
Dwyer Instruments, Inc.
Ice-O-Matic
Bosch Thermotechnology Corp.
Dynatemp International, Inc.
Ideal Industries, Inc.
BouMatic
EarthLinked Technologies, Inc.
Braeburn Systems LLC Imperial
Elite Soft Inc.
Bristol Compressors, Inc. INFICON
Cadet Manufacturing Co. Emerson Climate Technologies Insteon
Caleffi North America, Inc. Emerson Electric Co. Invensys Climate Controls Americas
CALMAC Manufacturing Corporation Extech Instruments Corp. ITT McDonnell & Miller
Camfil Farr Co. Fedders North America, Inc. ITW Vortec
Carel Industries Fenwal Controls Jackson Systems, LLC
Carlin Combustion Technology, Inc. Field Controls, LLC Jenn-Air
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viii Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Johnson Controls, Inc. R.W. Beckett Corporation Superior Refrigeration Products
JugLugger Ranco, Invensys Climate Controls Sweden-Alco Dispensing Systems,
KE Fibertec NA, Inc. Americas a Div. of Alco Foodservice
Equipment Co.
Kenmore Raymon-Donco Corp.
TEC (The Energy Conservatory)
Kennametal, Inc. Raypak, Inc.
Tecogen, Inc.
King Electrical Mfg. Co. RectorSeal
Tecumseh Products Company
Klein Tools, Inc. Reed Manufacturing Co.
Tempstar
Kysor//Warren
Refrigeration Technologies
Texas Instruments, Inc.
LA-CO Industries Inc.
REMIS AMERICA, LLC
The Coleman Company, Inc.
Lancer Corporation
RenewAire
The Energy Conservatory
Lennox Industries Inc.
Rheem Manufacturing Company
The Trane Co.
LG Appliances
Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. –
Thermo King Corporation
Lordan A.C.S. Ltd
YELLOW JACKET Products
Thermostat Recycling Corporation
Ludeca, Inc. Division
TIF™ Instruments, Inc.
Luvata
Robinair, SPX Corporation
Tjernlund Products, Inc.
Manchester Tank
Robur Corporation
Trane, a brand of Ingersoll Rand
Mastercool Inc.
RTCA—Radon Testing Corp of
Transcold Distribution, Ltd.
Maytag Corporation
America, Inc.
Transducers Direct, LLC.
McQuay International
Runtal North America
Traulsen Refrigeration
Mestek Machinery
Scale Free International
TSI Incorporated
Micro Switch, Div. of Honeywell, Inc.
Schneider Electric
Tutco, Inc.
Midco International, Inc.
Scotsman Ice Systems U.S. Cooler Company
Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp.
Sealed Unit Parts Co., Inc. Uline
Mitsubishi Electric, HVAC Advanced
Products Division Selco Products Company Ullman Devices Corporation
Mueller Industries, Inc. Sherwood Valve United States Federal Trade
Mueller Refrigeration Company, Inc. Siebe Environmental Controls, Commission
Invensys Climate Controls Uniweld Products, Inc.
National Air Duct Cleaners
Association (NADCA) Americas Uponor, Inc.
National Cancer Institute Skuttle IAQ Products US Department of Energy—DOE
National Weather Service Snap-On Inc. Veco NA – Coastal Climate Control, Inc.
Nest Labs, Inc. Spectronics Corporation Venstar
NexRev Inc. SpeedClean Virginia KMP Corp.
NORA Sporlan Division - Parker Hannifin WaterFurnace International, Inc.
North American Technician Excellence Corporation Webster Fuel Pumps and Valves
OSHA Sprinkool Systems International, Inc. Westermeyer Industries, Inc.
Owens Corning SPX Corporation Westwood Products, Inc.
Ozone Solutions, Inc. SRC Refrigeration Whirlpool Corporation
Pacific Transducer Corp. SSAC, LLC White-Rodgers Division, Emerson
Climate Technologies
Packless Industries
Standard Refrigeration Co.
Wittern Group
Paragon, Invensys Climate Controls
Steinen Nozzles
Americas Women in HVACR
Steril-Aire, Inc.
Parker Hannifin Corporation Worthington Industries
Steven Shepler
PB Heat, LLC Xylem Inc.
Peerless of America, Inc. Stride Tool Inc. York International Corp.
Malcolm Prather Suburban Manufacturing Zero Zone, Inc.
QMark, A Division of Marley Electric Sub-Zero/Wolf Appliance Zettler Controls, Inc.
Heating Sun Spot Solar and Heating, Inc. ZONEFIRST
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G-W Integrated Learning Solution
Together, We Build Careers
At Goodheart-Willcox, we take our mission seriously. Since 1921, G-W has been serving the career and
technical education (CTE) community. Our employee-owners are driven to deliver exceptional learning solutions
to CTE students to help prepare them for careers. Our authors and subject matter experts have years of experience
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Student-Focused Curated Content
Goodheart-Willcox believes that student-focused content should be built from standards and accepted
curriculum coverage. Standards from HVAC Excellence and PAHRA/AHRI were used as a foundation for this
text. Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning also uses a building block approach with attention devoted
to a logical teaching progression that helps students build on their learning. We call on industry experts and
instructors from across the country to review and comment on our content, presentation, and pedagogy. Finally,
in our refi nement of curated content, our editors are immersed in content checking, securing and sometimes
creating fi gures that convey key information, and revising language and pedagogy.
Curriculum Correlations
Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning To see how Modern Refrigeration and Air
aligns with curriculum standards for HVAC Excellence Conditioning correlates to HVAC Excellence and
and PAHRA accreditation. AHRI standards, please visit www.g-w.com/modern-
HVAC Excellence is a not-for-profi t organiza- refrigeration-air-conditioning-2017 and click on the
tion that serves the HVACR industry with the goal Correlations tab. For more information on PAHRA and
of supporting and improving HVACR education and HVAC Excellence, please visit www.pahrahvacr.org and
training. HVAC Excellence provides many services www.hvacexcellence.org.
to HVACR education and training, including award-
ing program accreditation, professional certifi ca-
tions, and instructor credentials.
The Partnership for Air-Conditioning, Heating,
and Refrigeration Accreditation (PAHRA) is an inde-
pendent, third-party organization that is a partner-
ship between HVACR educators and the HVACR
industry. PAHRA awards accreditation to programs
that meet or exceed industry-validated standards
developed by AHRI.
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