Modern presidential electioneering : an organizational and comparative approach

244 Pages·2000·1.097 MB·English

by  Baumgartner, Jody C.

Modern Presidential
Electioneering:
An Organizational and
Comparative Approach
Jody C Baumgartner
PRAEGER
Modern Presidential Electioneering

Modern Presidential
Electioneering
An Organizational and
Comparative Approach
Jody C Baumgartner
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Baumgartner,JodyC.,1958–
Modernpresidentialelectioneering : anorganizationalandcomparativeapproach /
JodyCBaumgartner.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0–275–96760–3(alk.paper)
1. Presidents—UnitedStates—Election. 2. Presidents—France—Election.
3. Presidents—Russia(Federation)—Election. 4. Electioneering—UnitedStates.
5. Electioneering—France. 6. Electioneering—Russia. I. Title.
JK528.B38 2000
324.9'1821—dc21 99–055884
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable.
Copyright(cid:1)2000byJodyCBaumgartner
Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe
reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe
expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:99–055884
ISBN:0–275–96760–3
Firstpublishedin2000
PraegerPublishers,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881
AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc.
www.praeger.com
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
TM
Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe
PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational
InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Illustrations vii
Acknowledgments xi
1. Introduction: Modern Presidential Electioneering 1
2. Traditional Presidential Electioneering 15
3. Presidentialism and Presidential Selection: The Institutional
Environment 33
4. Electioneers: The Personnel of Modern Presidential
Electioneering 55
5. The Resources of Modern Presidential Electioneering 85
6. Electioneering Processes and Activities: The Campaign 115
7. Conclusions: Modern Presidential Electioneering 149
APPENDIX A: Presidential Candidates and Their Parties in the
United States, 1960–96 169
APPENDIX B: Presidential Candidates, Their Parties, and Their
Share of the First-round Vote in France, 1965–95 171
APPENDIX C: Presidential Candidates, Their Parties, and Their
Share of the First-round Vote in Russia, 1996 173
vi Contents
Notes 175
Bibliography 205
Index 219
Illustrations
TABLES
3.1. Formal Aspects of Presidentialism and Presidential
Selection in the United States, France, and Russia 41
3.2. Campaign Finance and Media Regulations in the United
States, France, and Russia 48
3.3. Political Party Organization: Duverger’s Typology 50
3.4. The Structure of Major French Political Parties According
to Duverger’s (1965) Typology 51
3.5. Parties and Party Systems in the United States, France,
and Russia 53
4.1. Presidential Elections, 1960–96: Major Candidates and
Their Parties in the United States, France, and Russia 57
4.2. Staffing of National Party Committees, 1972–96 58
4.3. National Party Committee Chairpersons, 1961–99 60
4.4. Staff Size of Out-party Candidate Organizations, 1976–92 65
4.5. Reported Percentage of Campaign Expenditures Spent on
Staffing: Selected French Candidate Organizations, 1995 68
4.6. Clinton Payments to Consultants, April 1995 through
July 1996 81
5.1. National Committee Hard Money Receipts, 1976–96 87
5.2. Money Raised by the Top Five Fund-raising Candidates
Through December of the Year Preceding Presidential
Elections, 1975–95 91
viii Illustrations
5.3. Prenomination Expenditures by In- and Out-party,
1960–96 93
5.4. Prenomination Expenses of President Clinton and Robert
Dole in 1996 95
5.5. Political Party Issue Advocacy Spending in the
Prenomination Period, 1996 98
5.6. Public Funding to French Political Parties in 1995 99
5.7. French Presidential Candidate Fund-Raising Strategies,
1995 100
5.8. Out-party Candidate Organizations, 1976–92: Numbers
of States 102
5.9. Out-party Candidate Organizations, 1976–92: A Summary 103
5.10. Formation of Polling Firms in France 107
5.11. Growth in the Number of PACs, 1974–96 108
6.1. Number of Major-Party Candidacies Per Election Cycle,
1960–2000 118
6.2. Entrepreneurial-style Candidacies, 1960–96 120
6.3. Political Background of French Presidential Candidates 121
6.4. Number of Major Presidential Candidacies in France,
1965–95 122
6.5. Early Starts: Out-party Candidates Announcing before
June 30 of the Year before the Presidential Election 123
6.6. Increase in the Number of Direct Primaries and the
Percentage of Pledged Delegates Chosen from Those
Primaries, 1968–96 125
6.7. Front-loading: The Number and Percentage of Primaries
Held before April, 1968–96 127
A.1. Presidential Candidates and Their Parties in the United
States, 1960–96 169
B.1. Presidential Candidates, Their Parties, and Their Share of
the First-round Vote in France, 1965–95 171
C.1. Presidential Candidates, Their Parties, and Their Share of
the First-round Vote in Russia, 1996 173
FIGURES
1.1. A Communications Model of a Presidential Campaign 7
3.1. Hypothetical Coalitions in a Three-candidate Presidential
Race 39
Illustrations ix
TEXT BOXES
4.1. Internal Organization: Departments of the Democratic
National Committee 61
4.2. The Structure of the 1996 Dole Campaign Organization 66
4.3. The Structure of the 1996 Clinton Campaign Organization 67
4.4. The “1998–99 Political Pages” Listing from Campaigns and
Elections 78
5.1. Political Party “Issue” Ads: Two Examples from 1996 97