Modern optical engineering: the design of optical systems

641 Pages·2000·3.712 MB·English

by  Warren J. Smith

Modern
Optical Engineering
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Modern
Optical Engineering
The Design of Optical Systems
Warren J. Smith
Chief Scientist, Kaiser Electro-Optics Inc.
Carisbad, California
and Consultant in Optics and Design
Third Edition
McGraw-Hill
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith, Warren J.
Modern optical engineering / Warren J. Smith—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-07-136360-2
1. Optical instruments—Design and construction. I. Title.
TS513.S55 2000
621.36—dc21 00-032907
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Contents
Preface to the Third Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xv
Chapter 1. General Principles 1
1.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1
1.2 Light Wave Propagation 2
1.3 Snell’s Law of Refraction 5
1.4 The Action of Simple Lenses and Prisms on Wave Fronts 8
1.5 Interference and Diffraction 11
1.6 The Photoelectric Effect 16
Bibliography 17
Exercises 18
Chapter 2. Image Formation (First-Order Optics) 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Cardinal Points of an Optical System 22
2.3 Image Position and Size 24
2.4 Refraction of a Light Ray at a Single Surface 30
2.5 The Paraxial Region 32
2.6 Paraxial Raytracing through Several Surfaces 34
2.7 Calculation of the Focal Points and Principal Points 39
2.8 The “Thin Lens” 42
2.9 Mirrors 43
2.10 Systems of Separated Components 45
2.11 The Optical Invariant 49
2.12 Matrix Optics 54
2.13 The y-ybar Diagram 55
2.14 The Scheimpflug Condition 55
2.15 The Summary of Sign Conventions 57
Bibliography 58
Exercises 59
v
vi Contents
Chapter 3. Aberrations 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 The Aberration Polynomial and the Seidel Aberrations 62
3.3 Chromatic Aberrations 72
3.4 The Effect of Lens Shape and Stop Postion on the Aberrations 73
3.5 Aberration Variation with Aperture and Field 77
3.6 Optical Path Difference (Wave Front Aberrations) 79
3.7 Aberration Correction and Residuals 80
3.8 Ray Intercept Curves and the “Orders” of Aberrations 83
Bibliography 89
Exercises 89
Chapter 4. Prisms and Mirrors 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Dispersing Prisms 91
4.3 The “Thin” Prism 92
4.4 Minimum Deviation 94
4.5 The Achromatic Prism and the Direct Vision Prism 94
4.6 Total Internal Reflection 96
4.7 Reflection from a Plane Surface 97
4.8 Plane Parallel Plates 100
4.9 The Right-Angle Prism 104
4.10 The Roof Prism 107
4.11 Erecting Prism Systems 108
4.12 Inversion Prisms 111
4.13 The Penta Prism 113
4.14 Rhomboids and Beam Splitters 114
4.15 Plane Mirrors 116
4.16 The Design of Prism and Reflector Systems 117
4.17 Analysis of Fabrication Errors 122
Bibliography 122
Chapter 5. The Eye 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 The Structure of the Eye 126
5.3 Characteristics of the Eye 128
5.4 Defects of the Eye 134
Bibliography 138
Exercises 139
Chapter 6. Stops and Apertures 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 The Aperture Stop and Pupils 142
6.3 The Field Stop 143
6.4 Vignetting 143
6.5 Glare Stops, Cold Stops, and Baffles 147
Contents vii
6.6 The Telecentric Stop 150
6.7 Apertures and Image Illumination—f-Number and Cosine-Fourth 151
6.8 Depth of Focus 154
6.9 Diffraction Effects of Apertures 157
6.10 Resolution of Optical Systems 160
6.11 Diffraction of a Gaussian (Laser) Beam 163
6.12 The Fourier Transform Lens and Spatial Filtering 168
Bibliography 168
Exercises 169
Chapter 7. Optical Materials and Interference Coatings 173
7.1 Reflection, Absorption, Dispersion 173
7.2 Optical Glass 178
7.3 Special Glasses 183
7.4 Crystalline Materials 187
7.5 Plastic Optical Materials 188
7.6 Absorption Filters 192
7.7 Diffusing Materials and Projection Screens 195
7.8 Polarizing Materials 198
7.9 Dielectric Reflection and Interference Filters 200
7.10 Reflectors 209
7.11 Reticles 211
7.12 Cements and Liquids 213
Bibliography 214
Exercises 216
Chapter 8. Radiometry and Photometry 219
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 The Inverse Square Law; Intensity 220
8.3 Radiance and Lambert’s Law 221
8.4 Radiation into a Hemisphere 222
8.5 Irradiance Produced by a Diffuse Source 223
8.6 The Radiometry of Images; The Conservation of Radiance 225
8.7 Spectral Radiometry 230
8.8 Black Body Radiation 231
8.9 Photometry 237
8.10 Illumination Devices 243
Bibliography 248
Exercises 249
Chapter 9. Basic Optical Devices 251
9.1 Telescopes, Afocal Systems 251
9.2 Field Lenses and Relay Stystems 255
9.3 Exit Pupils, The Eye and Resolution 257
9.4 The Simple Microscope or Magnifier 267
9.5 The Compound Microscope 269
9.6 Rangefinders 271
viii Contents
9.7 Radiometer and Detector Optics 274
9.8 Fiber Optics 281
9.9 Anamorphic Systems 287
9.10 Variable Power (Zoom) Systems 291
9.11 The Diffractive Surface 296
Bibliography 297
Exercises 298
Chapter 10. Optical Computation 301
10.1 Introduction 301
10.2 Paraxial Rays 302
10.3 Meridional Rays 304
10.4 General, or Skew, Rays: Spherical Surfaces 308
10.5 General, or Skew, Rays: Aspheric Surfaces 312
10.6 Coddington’s Equations 317
10.7 Aberration Determination 321
10.8 Third-Order Aberrations: Surface Contributions 328
10.9 Third-Order Aberrations: Thin Lenses; Stop Shift Equations 335
Bibliography 345
Exercises 345
Chapter 11. Image Evaluation 347
11.1 Introduction 347
11.2 Optical Path Difference: Focus Shift 348
11.3 Optical Path Difference: Spherical Aberration 349
11.4 Aberration Tolerances 355
11.5 Image Energy Distribution (Geometric) 360
11.6 Spread Functions—Point and Line 361
11.7 Geometric Spot Sizes Due to Spherical Aberration 362
11.8 The Modulation Transfer Function 366
11.9 Computation of the Modulation Transfer Function 372
11.10 Special Modulation Transfer Functions:
Diffraction-Limited Systems 376
11.11 Radial Energy Distribution 383
11.12 Point Spread Functions for the Primary Aberrations 385
Bibliography 388
Exercises 391
Chapter 12. The Design of Optical Systems: General 393
12.1 Introduction 393
12.2 The Simple Meniscus Camera Lens 395
12.3 The Symmetrical Principle 401
12.4 Achromatic Telescope Objectives (Thin Lens Theory) 402
12.5 Achromatic Telescope Objectives (Design Forms) 404
12.6 The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design 413
12.7 The Cooke Triplet Anastigmat 418
12.8 AGeneralized (Nonautomatic, Old-Fashioned) Design Technique 424
Contents ix
12.9 Automatic Design by Electronic Computer 431
12.10 Practical Considerations 435
Bibliography 436
Exercises 438
Chapter 13. The Design of Optical Systems: Particular 439
13.1 Telescope Systems and Eyepieces 439
13.2 Microscope Objectives 447
13.3 Photographic Objectives 453
13.4 Condenser Systems 470
13.5 Reflecting Systems 474
13.6 The Rapid Estimation of Blur Sizes for Simple Optical Systems 491
Bibliography 499
Exercises 502
Chapter 14. Some Forty Four More Lens Designs 503
14.1 Introduction 503
14.2 The Designs 504
Bibliography 504
Chapter 15. Optics in Practice 549
15.1 Optical Manufacture 549
15.2 Optical Specifications and Tolerances 559
15.3 Optical Mounting Techniques 575
15.4 Optical Laboratory Practice 580
Bibliography 599
Index 603