Modern Mechanobiology Convergence of Biomechanics, Development, and Genomics PDF
Preview Modern Mechanobiology Convergence of Biomechanics, Development, and Genomics
Modern Mechanobiology Modern Mechanobiology Convergence of Biomechanics, Development, and Genomics edited by Juhyun Lee | Sharon Gerecht Hanjoong Jo | Tzung Hsiai Published by Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Level 34, Centennial Tower 3 Temasek Avenue Singapore 039190 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jennystanford.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Modern Mechanobiology: Convergence of Biomechanics, Development, and Genomics All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any Copyright © 2021 by Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4800-58-7 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-0-429-29483-9 (eBook) Contents Preface 1. Sh ear St ress, Mechanosensors, and Atherosclerosis x1i Suowen Xu and Zheng Gen Jin 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Shear Stress and Endothelial Phenotype 3 1.3 Mechanosensors in Atherosclerosis 5 1.3.1 PECAM1/VEGFR2/VE-Cadherin Mechanosensing Complex 5 1.3.2 TRPV4 6 1.3.3 Piezo1 7 1.3.4 Primary Cilia 8 1.3.5 Caveolae 9 1.3.6 Rap1 9 1.3.7 Glycocalyx 10 1.3.8 Integrins 10 1.3.9 GPCR 11 1.3.10 Emerging New Mechanosensors 12 2. 1Ro.4l e of KCroünpcpluesl-iLoinkes Faancdt oPresr isnp Eenctdiovtehse lial Cell Function 13 and Shear Stress–Mediated Vasoprotection 23 Eugene Chang and Mukesh Jain 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Krüppel-Like Factors 24 2.2.1 Krüppel-Like Factor 2 25 2.2.1.1 Regulation of KLF2 by laminar shear stress 28 2.2.1.2 Targets of shear stress– induced KLF2 31 2.2.2 Krüppel-Like Factor 4 41 2.3 Future Directions 42 vi Contents 3. Aortic Valve Endothelium Mechanobiology 57 Rachel L. E. Adams and Craig A. Simmons 3.1 Introduction 57 3.1.1 The Aortic Valve 57 3.1.2 Aortic Valve Cell Types 58 3.1.3 Calcific Aortic Valve Disease 59 3.1.4 Aortic Valve Mechanics 60 3.1.5 The Role of Shear Stress in the Aortic Valve Endothelium 61 3.2 Shear Stress Waveforms of Aortic Valves 62 3.2.1 Aortic Valve Shear Stress Waveforms Are Estimated 63 3.2.2 Aortic Valves Have Side-Specific Shear Stress Waveforms 64 3.2.3 Bicuspid Aortic Valves Have Abnormal Shear Stress Waveforms 66 3.3 Valve Endothelial Response to Shear Stress 69 3.3.1 Devices Designed for Studying VEC Response to Shear Stress 69 3.3.2 VEC Phenotype Is Shear Stress Regulated 71 3.3.3 Side-Dependent Hemodynamics Correlate with Side-Specific Phenotypes 72 3.4 Shear Stress-Regulated Mechanisms of Valve Homeostasis and Disease 75 3.4.1 Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transformation 75 3.4.2 eNOS, Nitric Oxide, Notch1, and Cadherin-11 76 3.4.3 Krüppel-Like Factor 2 79 3.4.4 Transforming Growth Factor-β 80 4. 3M.5e chanCootrnacnlusdsiuocntiso n of Cardiovascular Development 81 and Regeneration 95 Quinton Smith, Justin Lowenthal, and Sharon Gerecht 4.1 Introduction 96 Contents vii 4.2 A Primer on Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology 97 4.2.1 Cardiovascular Anatomy 97 4.2.2 Heart Development 98 4.2.3 Vascular Development 99 4.3 Mechanics of the Cardiovascular System 100 4.3.1 Cardiac Cycle 100 4.3.2 Blood Mechanics 101 4.3.3 Cardiovascular Extracellular Matrix Composition 102 4.4 Engineering Approaches to Studying Mechanotransduction in Cardiovascular Development 104 4.4.1 Cell Sources 106 4.4.1.1 Pluripotent cells 106 4.4.1.2 Mesenchymal-derived stem cells 107 4.4.1.3 Progenitor cells 107 4.4.2 Extracellular Matrix Regulation of Cardiovascular Development and Regeneration 108 4.4.2.1 Decellularized tissue 108 4.4.2.2 Natural extracellular matrices 109 4.4.2.3 Synthetic matrices 111 4.4.2.4 Oxygen tension and mechanotransduction 112 4.4.3 BioMEMS 114 4.4.3.1 Microfluidic platforms 114 4.4.3.2 Micropatterned tools 115 4.4.4 3D Printing Technology 116 5. M4.5e chanCootrnacnlusdsiuocntiso ann idn FHuetaurrte F oDrimreacttiioonn s 111279 Sandra Rugonyi 5.1 Introduction: Blood Flow Dynamics and Mechanotransduction 130 5.1.1 Mechanical Stimuli in the Cardiovascular System 130 5.1.2 Sensing Blood Flow 133 viii Contents 5.1.3 Responses to Blood Flow 134 5.2 Cardiovascular Development 136 5.2.1 Heart Formation 136 5.2.2 Heart Malformation 137 5.3 Effect of Blood Flow on Cardiac Formation 138 5.3.1 Animal Models of Cardiac Development 139 5.3.2 Early Embryonic Cardiac Remodeling in Response to Altered Hemodynamics 143 5.3.2.1 Effects typically associated with altered wall shear stress 143 5.3.2.2 Effects typically associated with altered blood pressure 145 5.3.3 Cardiac Malformation Phenotypes after Hemodynamic Interventions 146 6. 5M.4e chanCootrnacnlusdsiuocntiso n in Cardiovascular Development 148 and Regeneration: A Genetic Zebrafish Model 155 Rongsong Li, Kyung In Baek, Chih-Chiang Chang, Bill Zhou, and Tzung Hsiai 6.1 Introduction of Zebrafish as a Cardiovascular Model 156 6.2 ECG in Zebrafish 157 6.3 Mechanosensitive Pathways Modulate Vascular Development and Regeneration in Zebrafish 159 6.3.1 Notch Signaling in Vascular Regeneration 159 6.3.2 PKCε/PFKFB3 Pathway in Vascular Regeneration 161 6.3.3 The Wnt/Ang-2 Pathway in Vascular Development and Regeneration 162 6.4 Hemodynamic Fluid Force Promotes Cardiac Development via Mechanosensitive Notch Signaling in Zebrafish 163 6.5 Future Perspective 165 6.5.1 The Regulation of Metabolic Pathways by Mechanical Forces 165 Contents ix 6.5.2 Interaction and Synergy of Mechanosensitive Pathways 167 6.5.3 Mechanotransduction of Different Mechanical Forces in Cardiac Morphogenesis 168 7. M6.6e chanCoosnenclsuitsiivoen M anicdro SRuNmAms ainr yH ealth and Disease 116883 Myung-Jin Oh, Tzu-Pin Shentu, Daksh Chauhan, and Yun Fang 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 MicroRNA in Hemodynamics Sensing 184 7.3 MicroRNA in Extracellular Matrix Regulation 189 7.4 MicroRNA in Stretch Sensing 191 7.5 MicroRNA in Additional Diseases 193 7.6 Targeting Dysregulated Mechanosensitive 8. BiomechMaincircosR inN CAasr idni aDci sDeeavseelso pment Using 194 4D Light-Sheet Imaging 203 Victoria Messerschmidt and Juhyun Lee 8.1 Introduction 203 8.1.1 Hemodynamic Shear Stress 203 8.1.2 Cardiac Trabeculation 206 8.1.3 Zebrafish as a Model Animal 208 8.2 Light-Sheet Technology 209 8.2.1 Introduction of Light-Sheet Imaging 209 8.2.2 Application of Traditional Light-Sheet Imaging 212 8.2.3 4D Methods to Image in vivo Zebrafish Cardiac Mechanics and Trabeculation 214 8.3 Quantification of Hemodynamic Shear Stress 216 8.3.1 Introduction of CFD 216 8.3.2 Combination of Light-Sheet Imaging and CFD 216 8.3.3 Application of Zebrafish Cardiac Mechanics and Trabeculation: Morphology 218
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