Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution

439 Pages·2006·2.406 MB·English

by  Nikki R. Keddie, Yann Richard

MODERN IRAN

Modern Iran
Roots and Results of Revolution
Updated Edition
Nikki R. Keddie
with a section by Yann Richard
Yale University Press New Haven & London
Modern Iran, a substantially revised and expanded version of Roots of Revolution (1981), first published
2003 by Yale University Press. This Updated Edition published 2006 by Yale University Press.
Copyright ∫ 2003, 2006 by Yale University.
All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that
copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the
public press), without written permission from the publishers.
Designed by James J. Johnson and set in Stemple Garamond type by Keystone Typesetting, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006923987
ISBN-13: 978-0-300-12105-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-300-12105-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production
Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the people of Iran
2003—A year of major anniversaries
≤ 50 years since the coup overthrowing prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq.
≤ 25 years since the main events of the 1978–79 revolution.
≤ 6 years since the landslide election of president Mohammad Khatami.
≤ The struggle continues
. . . could thou and I with Fate conspire
To grasp this sorry Scheme of Things entire,
Would not we shatter it to bits—and then
Re-mold it nearer to the Heart’s Desire!
An eleventh-century Iranian scientist
Religious distress is at the same time the
expression of real distress and also the protest against
real distress. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed
creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the
spirit of spiritless conditions. It is . . .
A nineteenth-century European socialist
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Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Preface to the 2006 Edition xi
Preface to the 2003 Edition xiii
Preface to the 1981 Edition of Roots of Revolution xvii
1. Religion and Society to 1800 1
Background 1
Islam and Society 3
2. Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Iran 22
3. Continuity and Change under the Qajars: 1796–1890 37
4. Protest and Revolution: 1890–1914 58
5. War and Reza Shah: 1914–1941 73
1914–1921 73
1921–1925 80
1925–1941 88
6. World War II and Mosaddeq: 1941–1953 105
World War II, 1941–1945 105
Postwar Socioeconomic Problems 110
The Oil Crisis and Mosaddeq 123
7. Royal Dictatorship: 1953–1977 132
General Character of the Period 132
1954–1960 135
1960–1963 140
Reform, Boom, and Bust: 1963–1977 148
viii Contents
8. Modern Iranian Political Thought 170
Intellectual and Literary Trends to 1960 by N. Keddie 170
Contemporary Shi’i Thought by Yann Richard 188
Conclusion by N. Keddie 212
9. The Revolution 214
Secular and Guerilla Opposition Forces 214
The ‘‘Religious Opposition’’ and the Revolution 222
10. Politics and Economics under Khomeini: 1979–1989 240
11. Politics and Economics in Post-Khomeini Iran 263
12. Society, Gender, Culture, and Intellectual Life 285
Conclusion 317
Epilogue 323
Assessing Khatami’s Last Years 324
Elections—Local, Parliamentary, and Presidential 327
Politics since the 2005 Elections 329
Minority and Ethnic Questions 332
Foreign and Nuclear Policy 334
The Economy 341
Cultural and Intellectual Life 342
Women’s and Social Freedom Issues 343
Notes 347
Select Bibliography 383
Index 395
Illustrations
Map of Iran frontispiece
Following page 169
The 1905–11 Revolution (photos from the collection of Nikki Keddie)
Sattar Khan, leader of the Tabriz freedom-fighters
Mirza Jahangir Khan, editor of Sur-e Esrafil
Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani, popular preacher of the Revolution
Malek al-Motakallemin, another leading popular preacher
Peoples of Iran (photos by Nikki Keddie)
Shahsevan tribeswoman of Azerbaijan, 1975
Baluchi, near the Afghan border, 1973
Kurd at a town market, 1974
Arab family, Ahwaz, Khuzistan, 1974
The Qashqa’i of Fars province: old and new ways
(photos by Nikki Keddie)
Qashqa’i tribespeople on autumn migration, 1977
Qashqa’i factory worker, Marvdasht, 1977
Carpet weaving: Iran’s primary non-oil export
(photos by Nikki Keddie)
Family weaving at home, Kerman, 1974
Carpet workshop, Ardebil, Azerbaijan, 1974
Comic and tragic popular theatre (photos by Nikki Keddie)
Blackface clown of the popular theatre, Shiraz, 1977
Ta’zieh (passion play) on the death of Ali, the first Imam,
Taleqan valley, 1979
Leading figures in Iran’s revolutionary movement
(photos from collection of Nikki Keddie)