Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

551 Pages·2007·14.515 MB·English

by  Nduka Okafor

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Nduka Okafor
Department of Biological Sciences
Clemson University, Clemson
South Carolina
USA
Science Publishers
Enfield (NH) Jersey Plymouth
SCIENCE PUBLISHERS
An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Isles.
Post Office Box 699
Enfield, New Hampshire 03748
United States of America
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Okafor, Nduka.
Modern industrial microbiology and bitechnology/Nduka Okafor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-57808-434-0(HC)
ISBN 978-1-57808-513-2(PB)
1. Industrial microbiology. 2. Biotechnology. I. Title
QR53.O3552007
660.6’2--dc22
2006051256
ISBN 978-1-57808-434-0 (HC)
ISBN 978-1-57808-513-2 (PB)
© 2007, Nduka Okafor
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission.
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or
otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the
publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA
An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd.
Printed in India.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to the Okafor-Ozowalu family of Nri,
Anambra State, Nigeria, and their inlaws.
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The field of industrial microbiology has been undergoing rapid change in recent years.
First, what has been described as the ‘cook book’ approach has been largely abandoned
for the rational manipulation of microorganisms on account of our increased knowledge
of their physiology. Second, powerful new tools and technologies especially genetic
engineering, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and such like new areas promise
exciting horizons for man’s continued exploitation of microorganisms. Third, new
approaches have become available for the utilization of some traditional microbial
products such as immobilized enzymes and cells, site-directed mutation and metabolic
engineering. Simultaneously, microbiology has addressed itself to some current
problems such as the fight against cancer by the production of anti-tumor antibiotics; it
has changed the traditional practice in a number of areas: for example the deep sea has
now joined the soil as the medium for the search for new bioactive chemicals such as
antibiotics. Even the search for organisms producing new products has now been
broadened to include unculturable organisms which are isolated mainly on genes
isolated from the environment. Finally, greater consciousness of the effect of fossil fuels
on the environment has increased the call in some quarters for the use of more
environmentally friendly and renewable sources of energy, has led to a search for
alternate fermentation substrates, exemplified in cellulose, and a return to fermentation
production of ethanol and other bulk chemicals. Due to our increased knowledge and
changed approach, even our definitions of familiar words, such as antibiotic and species
seem to be changing. This book was written to reflect these changes within the context of
current practice.
This book is directed towards undergraduates and beginning graduate students in
microbiology, food science and chemical engineering. Those studying pharmacy,
biochemistry and general biology will find it of interest. The section on waste disposal
will be of interest to civil engineering and public health students and practitioners. For
the benefit of those students who may be unfamiliar with the basic biological
assumptions underlying industrial microbiology, such as students of chemical and civil
engineering, elements of biology and microbiology are introduced. The new elements
which have necessitated the shift in paradigm in industrial microbiology such as
bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, site-directed mutation, metabolic engineering, the
human genome project and others are also introduced and their relevance to industrial
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microbiology and biotechnology indicated. As many references as space will permit are
included.
The various applications of industrial microbiology are covered broadly, and the
chapters are grouped to reflect these applications. The emphasis throughout, however, is
on the physiological and genomic principles behind these applications.
I would like to express my gratitude to Professors Tom Hughes and Hap Wheeler
(Chairman) of the Department of Biological Sciences at Clemson University for their help
and encouragement during the writing of the book. Prof Ben Okeke of Auburn University,
Alabama, and Prof Jeremy Tzeng of Clemson University read portions of the script and I
am deeply grateful to them.
My wife, Chinyelu was a source of constant and great support, without which the
project might never have been completed. I cannot thank her enough.
Clemson, South Carolina Nduka Okafor
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Preface vii
SECTION A INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction: Scope of Biotechnology and
Industrial Microbiology 3
1.1 Nature of Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology 3
1.2 Characteristics of Industrial Microbiology 4
1.2.1 Industrial vs medical microbiology 4
1.2.2 Multi-disciplinary or Team-work nature of
industrial microbiology 4
1.2.3 Obsolescence in industrial microbiology 5
1.2.4 Free communication of procedures in industrial microbiology 5
1.3 Patents and Intellectual Property Rights in
Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 5
1.4 The Use of the Word ‘Fermentation’ in Industrial Microbiology 9
1.5 Organizational Set-up in an Industrial Microbiology Establishment 10
Suggested Readings 13
SECTION B BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PRODUCTIVITY IN
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
2. Some Microorganisms Commonly Used in
Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 17
2.1 Basic Nature of Cells of Living Things 17
2.2 Classification of Living Things: Three Domains of Living Things 18
2.3 Taxonomic Grouping of Micro-organisms Important in
Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 19
2.3.1 Bacteria 21
2.3.2 Eucarya: Fungi 29
2.4 Characteristics Important in Microbes Used in
Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnolgy 31
Suggested Readings 33