Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

489 Pages·2017·7.43 MB·English

by  Nduka Okafor

Modern Industrial
Microbiology and Biotechnology
SECOND EDITION

Modern Industrial
Microbiology and Biotechnology
SECOND EDITION
Nduka Okafor
Department of Biological Sciences
Clemson University, Clemson
South Carolina, USA
Benedict C. Okeke
Bioprocessing and Biofuel Research Lab
Department of Biology
Auburn University at Montgomery
Alabama, USA
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to all those who contributed to developments and
discoveries in microbiology and biotechnology.

Preface
The field of industrial microbiology has been undergoing rapid changes in recent years.
First, what has been described as the ‘cook book’ approach has been largely abandoned for
the rational manipulation of microorganisms on account of our increased knowledge of their
physiology. Second, powerful new tools and technologies, especially genetic engineering,
genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and similar new areas promise exciting horizons for
man’s continued exploitation of microorganisms. Third, new approaches have become
available for the utilization of some traditional microbial products such as immobilized
enzymes and cells, site-directed mutation, and metabolic engineering. Simultaneously,
microbiology has addressed itself to some current problems such as the fight against
cancer by the production of anti-tumor antibiotics; it has changed the traditional practice
in a number of areas: for example, the deep sea has now joined the soil as the medium for
the search for new bioactive chemicals such as antibiotics. Even the search for organisms
producing new products has now been broadened to include unculturable organisms
which are isolated mainly on genes isolated from the environment. Finally, greater
consciousness of the effect of fossil fuels on the environment has increased the call in
some quarters for the use of more environmentally friendly and renewable sources of
energy, has led to a search for alternate fermentation substrates, exemplified in cellulose,
and a return to fermentation production of ethanol and other bulk chemicals. Due to our
increased knowledge and changed approach, even our definitions of familiar words, such
as antibiotic and species seem to be changing. This book was written to reflect these changes
within the context of current practice.
This book is directed towards undergraduates and beginning graduate students
in microbiology, biotechnology, food science, biosystems engineering and chemical
engineering. Those studying pharmacy, biochemistry, and general biology will find it of
interest. The section on waste disposal will be of interest to civil engineering and public
health students and practitioners. For the benefit of those students who may be unfamiliar
with the basic biological assumptions underlying industrial microbiology, such as students
of chemical and civil engineering, elements of biology and microbiology are introduced. The
new elements which have necessitated the shift in paradigm in industrial microbiology
such as bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, site-directed mutation, metabolic engineering,
the human genome project, and others are also introduced and their relevance to industrial
microbiology and biotechnology indicated. As many references as space will permit are
included.
viii Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
The various applications of industrial microbiology are covered broadly, and the
chapters are grouped to reflect these applications. The emphasis throughout, however, is on
the physiological and genomic principles behind these applications.
We would like to thank Professors Tom Hughes and Hap Wheeler of the Department of
Biological Sciences at Clemson University for their help and encouragement, and Prof. Jeremy
Tzeng of Clemson University who read portions of the script. The authors are grateful to their
families for their patience during the preparation of the manuscript. Thanks to Chinyelu
Okafor for her constant and great support.
Clemson, South Carolina Nduka Okafor
Montgomery, Alabama Benedict C. Okeke
Contents
Dedication v
Preface vii
Section A IntroductIon
1. Introduction to Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 3
1.1 Definition of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 3
1.2 Characteristics of Industrial Microbiology 3
1.2.1 Industrial vs. Medical Microbiology 4
1.2.2 Multi-disciplinary Nature of Industrial Microbiology 4
1.2.3 Obsolescence in Industrial Microbiology 4
1.2.4 Communication of Procedures in Industrial Microbiology 5
1.3 Patents and Intellectual Property Rights in Industrial Microbiology 5
and Biotechnology
1.4 The Word ‘Fermentation’ in Industrial Microbiology 8
1.5 Organizational Set-up in an Industrial Microbiology Establishment 8
End of Chapter Questions 11
Suggested Readings 11
Section B BIologIcal BasIs of ProductIvIty In
IndustrIal MIcroBIology and BIotechnology
2. Microorganisms in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 15
2.1 Nature of Cells of Living Systems 15
2.2 Classification of Living Organisms into three Domains 16
2.3 Taxonomic Grouping of Industrial Microorganisms 17
2.3.1 Bacteria 19
2.3.2 Eukarya: Fungi 23
2.4 Important Characteristics of Industrial Microbes 24
End of Chapter Questions 25
Suggested Readings 25