Modern Indian Poetry in English

230 Pages·2001·38.521 MB·English

by  Bruce King

Modern Indian Poetry in English
Modern Indian Poetry
in English
Revised Edition
BRUCE KING
OXFORD
liNJVl!RSI f'i PRESS
Preface to the Revised Edition
This book consists of the original A1od~m lnduzn
first published in 1987 and slightly updated tn 1
new chapters. Wriucn in 1999, the new chapters rC2lJ
sn themselves, survey developments in the pre\
,roxro1d 1 0
t cr c1 nUtrk huvrrsity PrcS!i
Chronology h.ts also uccn brought up to date in th cd
UK nl1n f'Mlllll oth r count rll'5
Along with Jiscu~>sions of recent books by establ1 hcd
f'ullhsh d 111 Jndtil new anthologies, and changes tn publishing and 1he
1J X1 nJ Un1v1 a IIV I New Deihl
the main new fc.uurc.o; nre long essay on Agha Shah d
.1
xl rd UuiVrDily I' res 2001 emerged a~ a maJor poet, and two chapters on s1gnifi
and what they reprcscm. tvbny will regard these as du~ _._,.,....,__
1 of 11 x thor h \1' b n r.seftcd
chapters of the book, but there is continuity as m~
(1 t.'lker) sud1 as Agha Shahid Ali, Meena Alexander and B b
already mentioned in the first ec.lirion but were not
for reasons of space or because rhey had no1 pubhshed
Since lt1otl~m Indian J~urry in English first appeared 1\n
Mchrotra, Eunice de Souza and Makarand Parana~
unpormnt nmhologie.s which have brought new potts t
rcv1scd dac t.anon. As I re.1d reviews of poet.s b) poets.
h:ave \Hill aw ~rJs, .md discussed with poets theu rr:,~,,. .. ....,~"'­
work of od1c , .l paHern emerged. Fin<1lly. how~
:.ts tlus depends on suhjecrive choic~:s. There were
thouglu ex~:;clleJH, others who seemed co me l
unpuhli!lhcd .tre.ts ufsot.:i.1l or cultural experien<X
brought intu dac hook. I do nor claim chat chese
llltt·rcsting new poets in lndia. The1e arc • fe,,
•bout but evcntu tlly dccsded not to include ~
work und no pod v.'3s willing ro convin~o.e me 1' '
can wruc. bour them. In some cas·~. I h H' l't"
I IJt tv 1 aty p pas!i O'>cr eHr.tl )Oung poets who c: wo1k i~ e ~ •
I N w 114"1111 I 10 001 not )C:l pubhshed a .. olumc: of poe11y n t ''h 1
H
Preface to the First Edition
In tha anuoductlon to the English-langu:age poetry of lnd1:a since
nauonal andepcndencc I wiiJ first be c.oncerned wnh It$ ha tory, how
II canon of &~gnafiant authors, hooks and text i bc:ang formed, rhe
> 1al background of the poet,, their market and reader , and the
Bruu KJng maan aesthetics of their work. Sub cquently I will di6\.-u du: most
•gnaficanr poet: , Nissim Eze~ R. Parthasarathy, A K. IU!manujan,
Kamal Jlal.., AJIT Juss<~waiJa, Arvand Krishna Mehrotra, Jayama
Mahapatra, G S. Sharat Chandra, Gievc Patel, Arun Kolarhr, Dallp
hurc:, E 1111 c: de Souza, Sanun Rodngues, Manohar Shcuy, alecm
~ radiO , M I me Silgardo, Vtkram Sclh and others, before ofTerang
a hronology of publscauons JOUrnal and events. This ss the first
comprchcn ave: tudy of modern Indian poetry an Engl1sh and my
appro h as ha toracal cuhural, socrologsal and Jnernry
My rcacarch and 60me oft he writing took pl"ce in India dunng 1984
on a {llJOWihtp from the: Amen n In mute off ndian !Udses. Widaout
th u 1 n month grant I could not h:.v started. I m al o happy ro
acknowledg rhat a pcraod as a Ki11olar 111 rc:.sadcncc ar the Rockcfc:llc:r
Foundauon Research Center an Dellagio, Italy, allowed me: to wnrc:
or revue 10me haptcr5an cxcremely plc:lS:lnt urmunJi11gs. A N;ationaJ
Endowment for rhc Humaniucs iummer stipend 111 I CJ85 allowed
me ro omplccc my manuscnpr Fanally, Jam indc:bt<:d to the lndulfl
poeu, an ludang wmc who are not mcnlloned an the: fnJI~,win~ pages,
thcar fm:ndt, pub fa hcrt and several Jnd IIlii • cadC:IIliC:S (~,r tllf 01 llHI I ttiU,
a~d, photoooptet, books, JOurnals and huspuality. ~lulc my "lc:hu ol
thiJ kind arc 50 1mmcruc that I dare not attempt tn lru rhc m.auy IIIHIC
here, I mwr parucularly thank Nt am Ezekiel, J::.yauta Mahap.um,
Adal Ju awalla Arvand Kn hna Mchroar:~, Ma11uh:u Slaetty nnd
Ayyappa Pantk 'r for thcar fncnchlup as wdl. 1111s bo ,k •~ dedi red
10 them
on tent
PMu I
llurodth 111111
II I !.story lltcll'uhli ldng Gil'clcs
II
Ill I hr. l'n 1s, their l{t'. dc1:. .unl the M.ul er 47
rv
..
V l'oclll \11d
llli~:;ISill
VI
\II I h l'o 1 In ha I· !,:.zekiel, Ram umjun, Po~Lcl,
Dillll\\ lila, hh Ku111nr 110
129
ll7.l, ilg udc) l 7
162
I
xu
lm, Kum tr,
hill I
Ill \nd l' cum I 1Cha muh 41tul lu s.t,,illl t
P\1' I
I
1\ It'
2 7
' 7
<ON II· NTs
XVI Marum}; .Mora~s. Pecradina, Ramanujan,
P2rel SheH). Mehrorra, Daruv.-ai!J,
G de Souu, Alexander 295
N~ ~omen Poets. ShJ\~asani, P~rcl, D'Souza,
Sambf3ni, q_,harker, Dl\'d.karum, Bhatt
312
XV1Il N~ Poers, Styi<'S, and Feelings: Hoskote,
Thayll Surcndran, Nambisan, Mercham,
IUo, Padhi, Kh:ur, Pr.uad, R:unakrishnan
333
Chronology ofSJgnificmr Publicuions,
Journals and E'lenu, 1947-99
355
Chan 1: Life and Career Derads of Some Poets
PART
38~
Chan 2· Anthologies, Publishers and Awards
397
1
Chan 3: Imporram Amhologized Poems
399
Index
403
CHAI'fEI~ ONl
Introduction
Modern l~dian ~nglish languagcpoetr} isoncofthcmany•ne'"
literature wht\. h began to emerge .u the end of rhc Second World
War after the end of cohmialism. Unltke the \.rcatt~e wnung of
Afnca and thl ( anhbcan, .~cdc_:n I.ndian poetrv in ~ ngltsh has
been neglected bv mo t '''tics, loretgn reader-; md tntcllcduals
for It has no obvious direct relationship to the culturalmov~­
mcnts whac.:·h led to n.Haon.ll independence; by 1947 the siw.uion
hnd changed and "'ith it the com:ern of tht· new rnetc; bt'C:\mc
their rclataon'ihap to and alien;)tion from the re:tlities ot thcirso~:ietv.
In p.utiwl:u, the)· f.H:ed a dul~enge from older nnuonalist inr;J.
lntuals and from n•g1nnalists who demanded a rcnailisanc..: ol the
culture of dte prl!-c.:uloniallanguages of India.
The onh· answer to those who claimed that Indiars could nut
wntc.: authenti~.: poetry in th~ English in which they h.td been edu
cated was to write poet n as good .1s that nf Brirtsh, Americ.ln and
Irish poets, hut w writt' it about lndi.m lives and condiuons. "llw•
in Jt!;clf became the basts ol ,1 stiiJ ulntinuinl!, conflit:t .1s cuhut,tl
conservatives, n;1tionalists. nd political radtc:tl~ "'•'m~d a litl'ra
ture about traditional c.:·ulture or the poor .1ml the rural Hindu
ma1>ses, whereas the poets wc.:rc.: mor~ likdr to be wrll t'duc.ued,
mtddle das and pan of or .tware of the modern wcqcrn1zeJ
culture of the citi~.: , uni\'crsitic~ :md proiev,innal cb-.st''>. The}
often haJ been rai,ed in l.tmilie~ where En~lish was <Hll' tll the
languages spoken, attended good l~nglish-languagc sehoul.,, e.uly
l.tllen in lovt• wuh the f·.nglish l.lnguagc.:· .md ir., liu·tatmc, .1n_d
bcc.:n either hrnugln up in cultured environment or bv_t 11l'lr
.1
university d.ty~ h.ul frica1J~ with .ln interest in .the ,\rt~ .tnd tde.ts.
·1h e supposedly tr.lllitional~.:ulrurt.>of the I Imd1 spc.tkang ma,,c~.
or ol thcu PJr si or G<Jall Catholil' famrlie!>, w.ls 1.1th,·r arrdcv.ull
tu them or, rn ~onw c:ts~.·s, was p.ut ot the n~'>ll idiom .l~:tlll't
whtdt tltc\ wcr c t ebclling.
Man)' of the poets ll·ft lndi.l fnr mdv ~nd tr.wd abr(l.td.' or
out of d1 atasla~.:tion In this they Y.l're nu d1ffercm from pre:' lllll'i
INTRODUCTION
3
and Melanae Salgardo have appeared ..... has 11 b
• - a sma ut rap1dly
an muang b o d yof cnucalstudaes an books and d
on the poetry aca cm1c JOurnals
Desptte connnuang attacks on the lnd an En 1 h h
p Ia u tn m od em I n d cu It urc recogmz1ed Thg. . I poetS, t e1r
1an 1 ..1r poetry •os pan
o f th e prou o f mo de rn1uuon wh1ch 1nclud- b
_ b I ... ur an1zat•on,
111d u tmau1: zauon, mo taty, andependencc, socaal chan e, mcrea ed
communacataon (an the form of falms rdev on ra1.g 1
• 1 1 • d1o, JOurna
and newtpapnw), nauonal and tntmlaoonaJ trampon.auon networks
mus education and the resultmg paradox that a an tndepcndcn;
naraonal culture emerge at also pan:ic1patc an the mtemauonal,
modem, u ually westernazed world. Unles ome new radical
change occurs, lndaan socaal and econum1c progrc linked to
1
the same processes of modernization whid1, for h1stor1cal and
polattcal reason , have become wedded to the prtad of the
Engl11h language and the evolution of an r ngl. h language
culture along adc Hmdi and the rcg1onal lan~uagc Although
pre ently the language of only 5o me four per cent of the popula
taon and wnh nu rc:g1onal base, I· ngllsh 1s the bnguagc of tho c
who govern, c.:ommumcate, produce and make dc~.:mon :u the
nauonal level A the language of upward rnobahty nd modern
c n umer t te , 11 u a likely to prcad further nd a~ u (loc 1t
Will an rea angly become lnd1 mz d. a procc s .Ire dy noticeable
an maguanc and an l· ngl1sh language poCtf') m uch f ture a
the yntax, word order, lex• , 1daoms, pronunc1 uon, mwnauon
and trc pancrns Tha rcflc~.:ts a change m mentality ngh h'
no long r the language of colorual rulers, 11 r I nguagc nf
m dern lndaa 1n whu.:h word and cxprc 1on ha\C' rnowm~ed
national rather than rmportcd s•~ruficancc'i and r fdcrH.: • lludmJ;
to local realaue5, tradition and w.1ys of fcclu1g. ut:h lrulaanaza
uon ha been proccedan., for ~cvcrnl gc11cr •r•ous u11d IS prornmc•H
an the poetry of Kamala Da" and Prrmh Nand), r111J prt ·nt..
lth ugh more nuanc.:t·d, in the work ul Kck• l>.ultw.11la, ll ,.,
mor hkely to be felt in tcmls of vn1c~: and !<itrr:s5 '" the V< r.;c of
Ezeka I and Jayanta Mahapatra, or m the k111d of rJpHIIy pre c I
aron1e found an the poetry of Ramanup!ln. I
The poet a a group tend tO b ni:argmalto tr:ul!uon I 1 me1 u
1 ry not only by beang a It enateu·1 l' >• tl•, c 1r l•ngh hfr tb'n"'r "r u g1c
education but a1 o more igmfJcantly, by commg b uc 1
ommunm u th~ Parsts, jew and Chnsuan , ur 'Y mg
• MODERN INDIAN POF'T'RY IN fNCllCill
INTROIHI TII.JN
s
d Islam or b) la"mg abroad Many
(Jf
mreeb ell from Handw m anl in that have already been panJy "c'itcr :awWaraetnhc csa .,;hf dcetcuaad Ie l nadn1 . aInll eerx ap cInnc"'''n c"e" m ndo Iau cy .iiliHl I II l"" ht 11 d
c:ome from arru ely dunng thc1r ch1ldhood sc\ eral nu •ht be a m(l: m~... :r ot kmds of tcchn,qu a1o ; d 3 c While th1
ruz«< or that mo. :d!n xtenh:,l The often do not h:n c local ,
weyret iJee dr 1alb embtarr.oo,bedao ae dnm w~d hth aa Ibete h b~seotrt utrhtg1ane no ut apht reaam erd w liuuohrorbomna aanalt u.t cevUemen npty lrtcIeek usde s ot morT a1shmntcuy n1? ar•o tc pefd ett rhho e er 1,mbj1e unJe\ etfaa S nrra, aws ta t I Iwnp1 t ' cod\mtre ottgt h h f foc ar tfot pI ttmopche oe ttc dph1tlcsre o~ };I 1 ca t.f nTsc1n Ctc~us\c. :e aco eolo~n.lnf fs r tcdm~h1a eo1oou lpry fen tolcohifftfee' b tcl. p11oJncennm rcPe0el e mn u 1x 'pduu p1t 1nr1r. en non en meoI1 -1 -fo1 n' f nhre ,t a nr1 10 o1 r cdf rn h0of l •ttn hmod h t '
Jlrlasllfl, tthh e tDOdn om thwe r raiudt haenndU \a: tsm ceonntaclenryn sf,o rw thhaec ph oteht e)e x meapyt oPtc hc crars d m,,,V a/ ha1 n1 c d l Mh 1sa n1so dheaar rS mhc ttht}e \cC\r e nc oth•f e1 oulnd1e~ .: rl ndl ; sruo cua:ru. o,n s . a 1" Itm
a e b 1 of whac:h the are a pan, as are an mcrcas- dtrect Iy · 1f r omd a conrext· t hanJ>rc•\ 10usly · fhc 1r1c pc a ct d wpc n rtc cpmtlof rn
aumber of Indian o f cI eta1 s an . mI cm. ones of Indian soc1al reality , fo unu-1 1
Si.oce Ezdtel publ hed has first book (1952) and the work o f Ezc kI~: • Kamala Da , and Ram:unl)an dunng the11 1' (t0 1
lllMtNti4l Wttld and Tho11ght began pubbshmg Engl1sh and rakcn up by Oaruw:1.lla, has nc1w been 11\tcrnat.zcd ,~nt'
lll:tplge pocuy 1 h tory of publicataon, maJor works, JOurnals, rel;ent poetry being richt~r in its sense •11 ln~.:auon rul ril~gc of
ewaa. penonaiiaes and awards has already developed. There ubJCCt matter.
muty
are perhap poets recogntzed to be of wonh, a number of (If at firsl modern lndi.1n Engl1sh verse appeared to he mdcbrcd
OtiiiF poets pmng to that ude and probablr several hundred to Driu h and a few Luropc:m models, n nO\\ reveal an aw rene
who ve publishtd volumes of poetry an Englash. of mo t of world ltt~.:rature, including contemp' rary Amen an,
More RpJficant than the acbaevements of individual poets 1s recent South Amcncan, and older lndtan dc\OtJOnal \Cr c 111 the
the npida w11h hi h lndaan Engh h poetry has become a reg1onal languages. Jn thts Indian Engli h langua~e poctf'\ 1 no
-IUSWDIJlllradltlon wath rccogmzable models, penods and different from that of the rcgaonallanguagcs, whtch I o durmg
ia8ueaca. Where the earl Ezekiel and P. Lal offered rwo contrast the coloma! pcnod followed Bmi~h examples and com cnuon of
modeb ance then Ramanu)an, Panhasarathy, Daruwalla, ver c. Around the umc of nauonal mdcpcndcncc It tarred 10
Malupatra Kamala Da Vskram Seth and de Souza are among reform 1t elf a a modern lncrawrc by mcorporaung the t hm
tbote who have moved poetry mto new dimenstons, as Ezeksel que and themes of uch maJOr twentieth centur") modcrn1\t a
tmu to do Pons have a wader vanety of lndtan poem<i, T S Eliot and Ezra Pound, by dascovenng the great b dy c I
tea pnspe uve , form and subJect-matter for models. How a french CXpCrtmCnta) poetn from the niOCtC nth CCJilUr)
nauoaal tradmon 1 bemg formed can be seen in the way Ram Rtmbaud and I amrcamont to the twcnucth centurv dad:u t :an I
anu an poetry a an example for Panhasarathy's Rough Passage, urreali ts, while lcarmng frorn the politt~.:al poctr) of Ncruda
while Panhasarathy mfluenced Santan Rodngues's poems about and others. Sc\ era! of the I· ngli!lh-languagc poet~. su~;h a Kol:ukar,
has own Goan hentage. RamanuJan and Chitrc, arc also Ill\ olvcJ \\ nh d1an~c 111 the
There are tdenuf1able penods when Indian poetry took new reg1onal hter:uuns.
direcuons, such as the focusmg on the actuallly of personal and The poet's decisiOn lO usc I· ngllo;h l'i mnucncrd by eJuc uon,
but al o bv the .5tate of regional-langu.t~c poet rv Kamala [)as
family life by Kamala Das and Ezektel m the early '60s or the
ay that\\ hen he began wnting m I nglldtthcrt• wo~s no modern
xpenmental poetry of Mehrotra, Kolatkar, Nandy, Ch:trc and
~apatra whtch began to appear m the later '60s and early 70 poetry m Malayalam. Manohar Shctl) ay thin Ill 'I ulu, the bngu c
rmcwed more dct.asled, satmcal and yet compassionate focus of ht fam1ly there l no (;~c.llti\'C lndatun.: I he many Par 1 P0 t
wmmg m E~gla h may be cxplamed by the fa t that Pars1 Gu,;m'lll
n communal and fam1ly hemage has become evtdent more 1
recent1 y 1 a daalect Without a tradition of cnou cn:auvc lite: raturc he
MOOfRN INDIAN 1'01'1 R\ IN I N<,t.Js tt
' INTRODUC flON
lay of Enghsh language poctrv \\ 1th that m the rcgion.11 ., . . 7
81c ap sub cct that need further studv . M1c hlrioS trtnaC' rCe.laSrIlIylg bOhpmenantmessa t.aH Hia imI m Ct f'• acy :, sa) s o noticeable in
am•UII•..., ~~ rol~ laved by Kolatkar and Churc 111 de' clopang the poctrv o f S~ a Ie cm Pceradina. Bc,s,.i, drye!cir , anu omev. hat Ia ter .' "
Bes d J p etry a nc\\ d1recuon, the poet ha, c been · · 1J Ctng tn1 e start of a h· hi
10 su ll JCCtn c p1 otest poetry, sometimes w itt en b , •g }'
~an ua pn tran lanng from regional language . There 1
counter culrurc of the '60s strencothened th . > Nandv, the
P trill actb" R1 amanuJan from dass1•c a I an d med 'a e,.: a.I ~1·a m1l d ad at·s t an d expen·m cmal verse w"h ich had 1c lll1lc rbe st tn surreal '
000
and modem Kannada by Mahapatra from modern Onya.' by by Kolatkar, Chitre and others Marathi ~~~~~ YM c en ~xp~~cd
pMK a Lraattlk hafir ro bmr o SmPaa rtMuekl anfrrta.o.t hmbay , G bNyua ,anCrdhayua t,rf erbo vfm roM mBee hnmrgmaold.riae, rUfnr roadmnu d Ha nnm.1ded do1~te, hvbaeylr Iad tne' )dvt, eoa Io tvhpaem.n rt g-rge gam. irod ns eua wel hlna .nt dtg.n'1 urgca,cg teI1.ns 0 dnhtasad n1a 1 1rf Eeteln:reg nl1ti9s th6ra5• dl.a inAttI'0 I~ m mu1 a oseg no'efg a pctroxhaepettc r1rp1yu.•o nebcet nnsg tyaaoan f
Imp p LaJ and Nandy have been espec.1al.ly acuve as .pro
the avant-garde were ~ehro~ra, Kolatk.tr, Chitre, Mahapatr,,,
IDOitel'l and pubhshm of translation from classacal and regmnal ~and) and Deba Patna1k; whtlc they have gone on to write other
linguae E ekael and G S. Sharat Chandra ha"e also been in- kmds of poetry. some of thctr best-known poems, su\:h .s Mchro
1
.lved watb tran lauons from lndaan languages. Just as English t~a's 'The Sale' and 'Continuities', Kolatk.tr\ 'the bo.ltlidc' ami
bu become the link' language for anter regional communication ~httre's 'The Amb_ulancc ~ide', show how lihcr.ltin~ .tncl produc
for ch groups as admmastrators academics and the professional t1VC was suc:h expenmentaltsm. If rl·~~nt poet~, p.mi\,;ul.uly Sil~.trdo
Eaclish translation serves as a link cultural language, makmg and Shettv, have taken a renew~d ltlten:st m thl· more logtcally
anilable co the maddle classes the vanous regional languages and de'reloped more: tormally organ1zed Jy,,~.:, they can do Ml with,,
7
m
clauacal tradtnon sense of having been freed from the necessity of bcginnin); ·' poem
The Eagli h language poets mtere5t in devotional verse is part wirh a statement which is logically dl"H.·Ioped to J conclusllln.
the mcreasmg range of Indian English-language poetry. Whereas Their poetry is more linear .md argurnent.Hi' ely \,;onstruucJ than
the gnificant poetry of the '50 and early '60s was primarily the that uf Mehrmra and .Mahapatra, but it is sttll more open, more
penonaJ hon I nc, often confess1onal or argumentati\ie, in the read) to haft to the unexpected 1n ubjcct nuuer anti im.tge' and
mid '60s poet found new modes of express1on. While Ezekiel to off(;r unconventional emotion . than the poetry wrsttcn
and RamanuJan were already familiar wath American poetry, the bcn~een 1950 and 1965; it is more .tssociation.tl m org.tnilttton
Amen n mfluenc on lndaan poetry became more sigmfil:ant in th 1 log1callv structured.
the rmd •60 when Daruwalla, Shiv Kumar and others began tO 1 he open: asso\_;i:nional poetry, with its ~urp~ismg ltlHuc.1~s,
11m for a 1 formal, dtrcct per onal \'Oice and diction and to pn mmcnce of such topics as ~uilt, c;cxu.tliw ..u nbltlon, nu·mm.tcs
of pa'it r(•bellions, conflic:ts, shnmes, cluldhood .111d ll)vc aH.urs.
wnte about ordmary expcnencc an recogmzable locations. The
man-alone m-a hostile world attitude, with its sense of opposition, .1nd the assertion of :\n anicui.H<.' but fra<.:tun·d sell. w.ts P 1rt o~ the
confessional mode th.u staned in Anwril.l Jurin~ tl!t• c.u I!, SO<-
h'rucasm and the tronae of ltfe, found m the poetry of Daruwall:t,
U~ts affamue an ~mencan literature, as does Daruwalla's tru~t an d w ha.c 11 was pr:a:u·c ;ctI ··t n tt·1•· n .ll!·Io 'n· aI I }· ~1~ urin1v~,"~ thlen d'6.t0 ws ·n nI chct.t:rvt·
mpr osoe d Yp eaankdm fogr mvoatlc sct anAzlathaco ushgahp ehse, cthoen tvioniucees s etoem uss cc lnoasderit wio nthael ahsa drtr" .:.aZ:-lCwk aa yels's b peoent·t,,r )c' oon fl tle·sns wrnnaa k· ctsn uus cH• 1too fnD · 't I nIl I·m s, tmh t >i1 ,1·Ch' lwhll clmrn o•lu.t fvcrc ,,, msell f1. a
~penence fof the cnses than an previous Indian poetry where des1rc for personal chan~e, tl UI Ka n·uI ·1 a's ~"~ . I .
Twheerere w 1a5s ao) tm a distance bctw een mora1 r ef l ecu.o n and actuality. orcpvecnllayto an• b1.•o' umt o\oadn•ye dp,o oelmtesn w ~e,;nOn.: nrtn~ .:uuc'n t';m, conHre H l~l n>lnl'f>.t '' S-.\aIJtumc.sl la; n'i Jtc : 1mW prOel (1•
poruons of~a n opcnnes ' especially noticeable in the middle without bemg l:om.:erned-as Ezc..:kH.-1' -" ~s-wilh ~,;on1s~'tt'lll Yh·~?t1
lope. ~arrauv: ~~:- as af assocaatton w_ere takmg over from WI as the auto >togr.lp t~o:a
the w11l for self-improvement. 1 rc. J d' d Das's
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