Modern Europe, 1789-Present

478 Pages·2014·38.956 MB·English

by  Asa Briggs, Patricia Clavin

MODERN EUROPE,
1789-PRESENT
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MODERN EUROPE,
1789-PRESENT
ASA BRIGGS AND
PATRICIA CLAVIN
Second Edition
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x
PREFACE Xl
MAPS XIII
1 REVOLUTION AND EMPIRE: EXPERIENCE
AND IMPACT, 1789-1815 1
Change and revolution: old and new 1
Leng-term: short-term 7
'The' revolution 10
Revolution, war and 'the terror' 18
From war to Napoleon and through Napoleon to peace 24
]udging Napoleon 28
From Trafalgar to Waterloo 31
Social accounting: gains and losses 34
2 ORDER AND MOVEMENT, 1815-1848 39
Restoration: idea or reality? 39
Thc task ofrestoration 42
The settlement 43
The 'Congress System' 48
Signs ofchange 50
The revolutions of 1830: challenging the status qua 54
Nation and dass 58
Facts and isms 61
The springtime of liberty: the dawn ofthe revolutions of 1848 70
3 NATION BUILDING, 1848-1878 76
The revolutions of1848 and their 'lessons' 76
The dynamics of dass 77
The interplay of nationalisms 82
The role offorce 86
Diplomacy and war 89
Italian unification 92
German unification 98
The Franco-Prussian war and the German Empire 101
1870 and beyond 104.
.v'
MODERN EUROPE, 1789-PRESENT
Nations and empires 109
Crises and Congress 111
4 RIVALRY AND INTERDEPENDENCE, 1871-1914 115
'The causes ofwar' 115
The alliance system 118
The politics ofempire 125
World interdependence 130
From crises to war 136
5 MODERNITY 144
The sense ofhistory: fact, fiction, myth 144
Cultural history 146
The sense ofa century 148
The shock ofthe new 151
Anti-Semitism 152
City and metropolis: Paris, Berlin, London, Vienna 153
Science and technology 156
Mondernity 161
6 A EUROPEAN CIVIL WAR, 1914-1918 168
The dawn of'total war' 169
How to wage war? 171
The course ofthe war 172
Men in trenches 175
War at sea 177
Why continue to fight? 178
The churches and war 180
The United States enters the war 181
Governments and peoples 182
Women at war 186
Political change 189
Russia in revolution 191
Peace and civil war 195
The 'creatiori' ofPoland 196
Writers and the war 197
7 A NEW ORDER? 1919-1929 200
The 'price' ofwar 201
The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty ofVersailles 202
Reparations and war debts 205
The League ofNations 206
The settlement in Central and Eastern Europe 208
Russian civil war and peace, 1918-21 211
Revolutions in Germany and Hungary, 1918-19 215
•VI .
CONTENTS
The surviving empires: Britain and France 217
Feminism and society 219
Italy: the first casualty, 1919-24 222
ParalleIs? 225
Danger signs: Eastern Europe, 1920-28 228
A semblance ofstability, 1925-28 230
Fragile foundations, 1929 232
8 GUNS AND BUTTER, 1929-1939 235
Causes of the Great Depression 236
The European slump, 1929-36 237
The international and national responses, 1929-32 240
Britain and Germany: a contrast 242
The special case ofSweden 246
France, 1932-38 247
Civil war in Spain 248
Central and Eastern Europe, 1929-38 250
Communism and fascism, 1933-41 252
Nazism, 1933-39 254
Stalinism, 1927-39 258
9 FROM EUROPEAN TO WORLD WAR, 1933-1945 262
The Axis pO\vers 263
The policy ofAppeasement 265
The Western powers, 1933-39 266
The Munich Crisis, 1938 268
The British Empire and Hitler, 1933-39 270
The economics ofAppeasement 271
The final crisis: Poland, 1939 272
The course ofthe war, 1939- 41 274
War in the West, 1940 276
From the Battle ofBritain to the Battle ofthe
Balkans, 1940- 41 277
The 'Desert war', 1940-41 279
Peace für some, 1939- 41 281
1941 to 1943: turning points 283
The horne front 286
Women at war 288
The fall and rise of'Great Powers' 290
Resistance in the Axis countries 292
The Final Solution 292
Participation and resistance in occupied Europe 293
InteIIectual and spiritual resistance 296
Allies on the offensive, 1943- 45 298
Allied relations, 1943-45 302
. Vll .
MODERN EUROPE, 1789-PRESENT
10 FREEZING AND THAWING POSTWAR EUROPE,
1945-1969 304
The damage ofwar 305
A river ofrefugees 306
The legacy ofresistance and collaboration 308
The origins ofthe Cold War: the view from
the West, 1945-47 310
The view from the East, 1944-46 313
The Marshall plan 315
Czechoslovakia 316
The Berlin blockade, 1948-49 317
An end to diversiry: Eastern Europe, 1948-50 318
Nationalism and Communism, 1948-56 319
Stalinization, 1948-53 320
The death ofStalin and the destalinization ofEurope, 1953-56 324
The Cold War and the wider world, 1949-62 327
Reforms in the Soviet Union, 1957-64 329
'Reform' Communism in Eastern Europe, 1957-68 329
The Cold War: confrontation and detente, 1957-69 330
11 RECONSTRUCTING EUROPE, 1945-1968 333
Britain and Europe, 1945-51 334
Restoring democracy to Western Europe, 1945-57 336
The rise ofChristian Democracy 338
Defending Western Europe, 1947-54 339
Decolonization, 1946-62 341
Patterns ofmigration 342
Europe and the Middle East, 1945-68 344
Post-war imperialism 346
Economic miracles, 1949-68 347
Germany, 1949-68 348
Beginnings ofa European union, 1945-51 350
Institutions ofthe Cold War 352
France, 1960-68 354
Italy, 1951-68 355
Britain, 1951-68 356
Recovery in 'Iittle' Europe 358
The Treaty ofRome and after 358
Spain and Portugal, 1945-68 360
12 TOWARDS A UNITED EUROPE, 1968-2002 363
The 'revolutions' of 1968 364
The sobering sevcnties 366
Democracy in Southern Europe, 1975-86 369
The growth ofinstitutional Europe, 1970-86 371
. Vlll .
CONTENTS
Eastern Europe: reform and dec1ine, 1968-89 372
Stagnation and senility in the Soviet Union, 1964-85 374
Gorbachev's 'perestroika' and the crisis ofCommunism 376
The 'revolutions' ofEastern Europe, 1989 378
Western Europe, 1979-92 379
The economic and technological transformation of
Europe, 1989-Present 380
Institutional Europe, 1986-Present 384
Europe and the world, 1989-Present 391
13 POST-MODERN? 394
The need for perspective 394
A 'great mutation': 'the end ofhistory'? 395
Continuities and discontinuities 397
The climax ofthe 'modern' 400
The 1960s and the post-modern 403
Eleven discontinuities 405
Towards the millennium and beyond it 409
FURTHER READING 412
INDEX 434
-IX -