Modern Engineering for Design of Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines

467 Pages·1992·14.2 MB·English

by  Huzel

MODERN ENGINEERING FOR
DESIGN OF LIQUID-PROPELLANT
ROCKET ENGINES
Dieter .K Huzel and David .H Huang
REVISED, UPDATED, AND ENLARGED BY
Harry Arbit William Gillon
William .R Bissell Eugene .D Jackson III
Richard Brewster IA Martinez
Mary .P Cardenas John .G Perry
Elden .H Cross William .M Stanley
Kenny .C Gaspar Ronald Urquidi
-4.
fj--
Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International
emuloV 741 derosnopS yb eht enydtekcoR
SSERGORP NI noisiviD fo llewkcoR lanoitanretnI
SCITUANORTSA DNA SCITUANOREA
All royalties devoted to the
.A Richard Seebass, Editor-in-Chief AIAA Student Scholarship Fund
dehsilbuP yb eht naciremA etutitsnI fo scituanoreA dna scituanortsA
073 tnafnE'L ,edanemorP ,WS notgnihsaW ,CD 8152-42002
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
370 L'Enfant Promenade, SW, Washington, DC 20024
Copyright © 1992 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the
United States of America. This publication may not be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests for
permission or further information should be addressed to the AIAA Permissions Department.
ISBN 1-56347-013-6
Data and information appearing in this book are for informational purposes only. AIAA is not responsible for any
injury or damage resulting from use or reliance, nor does AIAA warrant that use or reliance will be free from privately
owned rights.
ISSN 0079-6050
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
Editor-in-Chief
A. Richard Seebass
University of Colorado at Boulder
Editorial Board
Richard G. Bradley John L. Junkins
General Dynamics Texas A&M University
Allen E. Fuhs
John E. Keigler
Carmel California
General Electric Company
Astro-Space Division
George J. Gleghorn
TR W Space and Technology
Group Daniel P. Raymer
Lockheed Aeronautical
Dale B. Henderson Systems Company
Los Alamos National
Laboratory
Martin Summerfield
Princeton Combustion
Carolyn L. Huntoon
Research Laboratories, Inc.
NASA Johnson Space Center
Reid R. June Charles E. Treanor
Boeing Military Airplane A rvin / Calspan
Company Advanced Technology Center
Jeanne Godette
Series Managing Editor
AIAA
FOREWORD
When Dave Huang and I set out to write the first jects depend on them just as much. For them too,
edition of this book, we were motivated, among other this book is intended.
things, by our observation that no textbook was Special emphasis has been placed here on
available that we could hand to a newly hired young engine flight applications to stimulate engine systems
engineer and say: "Here, study this and then we will and subsystem designers to think in these terms from
talk about your specific assignments in our rocket- the outset. In addition to filling the needs of the
engine business". Instead, as supervisors, we and our young engineer entering the rocket-propulsion field
lead engineers had to spend many hours explaining and practicing designer seeking wider knowledge, we
what actually should have been documented, to serve always intended "Design of Liquid Propellant Rocket
as an introduction, but also as a reference to provide Engines" as a textbook, with specific consideration of
answers to letter questions. Thus we went to work. the teacher without industry experience. I hope ti will
I was fortunate to have in Dave a coauthor of also stimulate those desiring to specialize in a rocket-
such superior abilities. In his "Author's Guide," a engine subsystem by supplying adequate information
commercial publisher observes (after discussing the to enable them to benefit fully from the specialized
problems with multiple authorships): "(We hope) literature.
you'll still be speaking to one another after the book Wernher von Braun, then Director of NASA
has been published." I am happy to say that we, Marshall Space Flight Center graciously provided the
(Dave now holds a high government position in the forward for the first edition of this book, which was
Republic of China, (Taiwan)), do indeed still speak to published in restricted form in 1967 by the NASA
each other. Office of Technology Utilization (SP-125). Because of
A few years ago, Martin Summerfield, President the foreward's significance I quote it here"
of the Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories,
and then Editor-in-Chief of the Progress in Astro- "Success in space demands perfection. Many of
nautics and Aeronautics technical-monograph series the brilliant achievements made in this vast,
of the American Institute of Aeronautics and austere environment seem almost miraculous.
Astronautics (AIAA) suggested that our book should Behind each apparent miracle, however, stands
be re-issued, but only after an update of all areas the flawless performance of numerous highly
where technology has seen major advances since complex systems. llA are important. The failure
publication of the first edition. Fortunately, the of only one portion of a launch vehicle or
Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International agreed spacecraft may cause failure of an entire mission.
to sponsor the needed effort. A team of specialized But the first to feel this awesome imperative for
staff members was formed and began the work. The perfection are the propulsion systems, especially
results are before you. the engines. Unless they operate flawlessly first,
In the "Commentary" column of AIAA's March none of the other systems will get a chance to
1988 Aerospace America magazine, J.R. Thompson, perform in space."
NASA Deputy Administrator, emphasizes the need to
"take advantage of this nation's substantial Shuttle "Perfection begins in the design of space
investment.., by adapting available hardware as it hardware. This book emphasizes quality and
proves itself in service." Although this comment was reliability in the design of propulsion and engine
contained in a discussion of the Advanced Launch systems. It draws deeply from the vast know-how
System (ALS), it can be readily applied to any other and experience which have been the essence of
future propulsion system, perhaps with the addition several well-designed, reliable systems of the past
of "and available know-how, practices, and ex- and present. And, with a thoroughness and com-
periences." It is hoped that this book will contribute pleteness not previously available, it tells how the
to all efforts responsive to the quoted exhortation. present high state of reliability, gained through
Reliable rocket-engine systems do not come years of research and testing, can be maintained,
aboutby happenstance. They are the result of the and perhaps improved, in engines of the future."
work of a dedicated team of professionals--engi-
neers, materials specialists, production workers, and sA" man ventures deeper into space to explore
numerous other disciplines. These skilled people are the planets, the search for perfection in the de-
found not only in the plants of major rocket-engine sign of propulsion systems will continue. This
producers, such as Rocketdyne, Aerojet, and Pratt & book will aid materially in achieving this goal."
Whitney, or in specialized centers of NASA and the
branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, but also and Wemher Von Braun
equally important--in the plants of the "suppliers," Director
the hundreds of smaller companies that produce Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA
many of a rocket engine's highly specialized parts. It
is the dedication, skill, and pride of workmanship of
these people that made possible this nation's many I want to thank the many professionals in the various
space successes--manned or unmanned. Future pro- design, development, test, graphics and publications
departments who helped make this book possible, editors Joanne Bergeuer, Nancy Derr, and Noel
Special recognition goes to R.E. Grate, C.A. Thorp.
Macgregor, H.M. Alexander, S.B. Maculuso, and .T Last and most important, thanks are due the
Holwager of the Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell manifold support the book's original writing and sti
International, who all ably assisted us with the orig- update received from Rockwell International and sti
inal manuscript. This updated version was accom- divisions. Rocketdyne engine technology has pro-
plished largely by members of the technical staff of vided a major foundation for the book, its
Rocketdyne: Harry Arbit, William .W Bissell, Richard management the drivers in sti updating.
Brewster, Mary .P Cardenas, Elden .H Cross, William
Gillon, Stanley .V Gunn, Eugene .D Jackson III, IA
Martinez, John G. Perry, A.H. Sobin, William .M Dieter .K Huzel
Stanley, and Ronald Urquidi, together with general Thousand Oaks, AC
PREFACE
Over the quarter-century since publication of the tial engine systems and to understand and judge the
original text of this book, astronauts have landed on problems, limitations, and "facts of life" of the
the Moon and deep-space probes have visited all of various subsystems making up a complete engine sys-
the planets of our solar system. llA of these under- tem. It also aims to educate those ultimately inter-
takings depended entirely on rocket power. So will ested in specialized subsystems and component
future space projects of many kinds, such as the design (thrust chamber, turbopump, control valves,
Space Station Freedom, communications and explo- etc.) about their own as well as neighboring sub-
ration satellites, space ferries and shuttles, space systems and about the complete engine system. This
probes, and, in the more distant future, Moon should enable the beginner to prepare realistic
settlements. analytical calculations and design layouts with a long
Throughout the decades since Robert Goddard head-start toward the final specialized design for
made his first l p-rocket launching in 1926, these subsystem production release.
thrust-producing devices, both turbopump-fed and This book addresses the young in a special way.
pressure-fed, have assumed various shapes, sizes, con- Many of us who contributed to past projects are now
figurations, and "cycles," depending on application, retired or are about to retire. Some experienced
chosen thrust level, propellant type, and several hands have passed away. It is immensely important
other, often special, factors. One aspect has not that the skills, experience, and know-how of this
changed: the basic physical and design principles. earlier generation be preserved and passed on to a
In the context of practical design experience, this younger generation--clearly, completely, and effec-
book introduces the reader to these basic principles; tively. Losses would be costly. There must not be a
but more to the purpose, it supplies the bridge for gap. The managers of the many companies that
the student and the young engineer from rocket form the rocket-engine industry and the pertinent
propulsion fundamentals (otherwise well covered in government agencies are quite aware of this danger,
the literature) to actual rocket-engine design and and are employing various "in-house" programs to
development work as done in industry (very little, if meet .ti
at all, covered in the literature). The book empha- This book makes a valuable contribution to that
sizes realistic application of rocket propulsion goal. The original authors stood among the forefront
theories, and this should help avoid, or at least of design and development teams of larger propul-
reduce, time- and money-consuming errors and dis- sion systems, and Dieter Huzel spent several years in
appointments. In so doing, it consolidates numerous "long-life technology" work. David Huang for many
closely related subjects, hitherto often treated sepa- years directed advanced rocket-engine design and
rately, bringing them up to date at the same time. development.
This book was written "on the job" for use by I am confident that the commendable efforts of
advanced students and engineers active in all phases the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astro-
of engine systems design, development, and appli- nautics to update, enlarge, and publish this book and
cation, in industry and government agencies. It pre- to make it available to the field will greatly help to
sents sufficient detail to familiarize and educate those preserve and advance U.S.rocket-engine technology.
responsible for various aspects of liquid-propellant
rocketry, including engine systems design, engine William .F Ezell
development, and flight-vehicle application. It Vice President, Engineering
should enable the rocket engineer independently to Rocketdyne Division,
make preliminary detail designs for complete or par- Rockwell International
MODERN ENGINEERING FOR
DESIGN OF LIQUID-PROPELLANT
ROCKET ENGINES
Dieter .K Huzel and David .H Huang
REVISED, UPDATED, AND ENLARGED BY
Harry Arbit William Gillon
William .R Bissell Eugene .D Jackson III
Richard Brewster IA Martinez
Mary .P Cardenas John .G Perry
Elden .H Cross William .M Stanley
Kenny .C Gaspar Ronald Urquidi
-4.
fj--
Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International
emuloV 741 derosnopS yb eht enydtekcoR
SSERGORP NI noisiviD fo llewkcoR lanoitanretnI
SCITUANORTSA DNA SCITUANOREA
All royalties devoted to the
.A Richard Seebass, Editor-in-Chief AIAA Student Scholarship Fund
dehsilbuP yb eht naciremA etutitsnI fo scituanoreA dna scituanortsA
073 tnafnE'L ,edanemorP ,WS notgnihsaW ,CD 8152-42002
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
370 L'Enfant Promenade, SW, Washington, DC 20024
Copyright © 1992 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the
United States of America. This publication may not be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests for
permission or further information should be addressed to the AIAA Permissions Department.
ISBN 1-56347-013-6
Data and information appearing in this book are for informational purposes only. AIAA is not responsible for any
injury or damage resulting from use or reliance, nor does AIAA warrant that use or reliance will be free from privately
owned rights.
ISSN 0079-6050
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
Editor-in-Chief
A. Richard Seebass
University of Colorado at Boulder
Editorial Board
Richard G. Bradley John L. Junkins
General Dynamics Texas A&M University
Allen E. Fuhs
John E. Keigler
Carmel California
General Electric Company
Astro-Space Division
George J. Gleghorn
TR W Space and Technology
Group Daniel P. Raymer
Lockheed Aeronautical
Dale B. Henderson Systems Company
Los Alamos National
Laboratory
Martin Summerfield
Princeton Combustion
Carolyn L. Huntoon
Research Laboratories, Inc.
NASA Johnson Space Center
Reid R. June Charles E. Treanor
Boeing Military Airplane A rvin / Calspan
Company Advanced Technology Center
Jeanne Godette
Series Managing Editor
AIAA
FOREWORD
When Dave Huang and I set out to write the first jects depend on them just as much. For them too,
edition of this book, we were motivated, among other this book is intended.
things, by our observation that no textbook was Special emphasis has been placed here on
available that we could hand to a newly hired young engine flight applications to stimulate engine systems
engineer and say: "Here, study this and then we will and subsystem designers to think in these terms from
talk about your specific assignments in our rocket- the outset. In addition to filling the needs of the
engine business". Instead, as supervisors, we and our young engineer entering the rocket-propulsion field
lead engineers had to spend many hours explaining and practicing designer seeking wider knowledge, we
what actually should have been documented, to serve always intended "Design of Liquid Propellant Rocket
as an introduction, but also as a reference to provide Engines" as a textbook, with specific consideration of
answers to letter questions. Thus we went to work. the teacher without industry experience. I hope ti will
I was fortunate to have in Dave a coauthor of also stimulate those desiring to specialize in a rocket-
such superior abilities. In his "Author's Guide," a engine subsystem by supplying adequate information
commercial publisher observes (after discussing the to enable them to benefit fully from the specialized
problems with multiple authorships): "(We hope) literature.
you'll still be speaking to one another after the book Wernher von Braun, then Director of NASA
has been published." I am happy to say that we, Marshall Space Flight Center graciously provided the
(Dave now holds a high government position in the forward for the first edition of this book, which was
Republic of China, (Taiwan)), do indeed still speak to published in restricted form in 1967 by the NASA
each other. Office of Technology Utilization (SP-125). Because of
A few years ago, Martin Summerfield, President the foreward's significance I quote it here"
of the Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories,
and then Editor-in-Chief of the Progress in Astro- "Success in space demands perfection. Many of
nautics and Aeronautics technical-monograph series the brilliant achievements made in this vast,
of the American Institute of Aeronautics and austere environment seem almost miraculous.
Astronautics (AIAA) suggested that our book should Behind each apparent miracle, however, stands
be re-issued, but only after an update of all areas the flawless performance of numerous highly
where technology has seen major advances since complex systems. llA are important. The failure
publication of the first edition. Fortunately, the of only one portion of a launch vehicle or
Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International agreed spacecraft may cause failure of an entire mission.
to sponsor the needed effort. A team of specialized But the first to feel this awesome imperative for
staff members was formed and began the work. The perfection are the propulsion systems, especially
results are before you. the engines. Unless they operate flawlessly first,
In the "Commentary" column of AIAA's March none of the other systems will get a chance to
1988 Aerospace America magazine, J.R. Thompson, perform in space."
NASA Deputy Administrator, emphasizes the need to
"take advantage of this nation's substantial Shuttle "Perfection begins in the design of space
investment.., by adapting available hardware as it hardware. This book emphasizes quality and
proves itself in service." Although this comment was reliability in the design of propulsion and engine
contained in a discussion of the Advanced Launch systems. It draws deeply from the vast know-how
System (ALS), it can be readily applied to any other and experience which have been the essence of
future propulsion system, perhaps with the addition several well-designed, reliable systems of the past
of "and available know-how, practices, and ex- and present. And, with a thoroughness and com-
periences." It is hoped that this book will contribute pleteness not previously available, it tells how the
to all efforts responsive to the quoted exhortation. present high state of reliability, gained through
Reliable rocket-engine systems do not come years of research and testing, can be maintained,
aboutby happenstance. They are the result of the and perhaps improved, in engines of the future."
work of a dedicated team of professionals--engi-
neers, materials specialists, production workers, and sA" man ventures deeper into space to explore
numerous other disciplines. These skilled people are the planets, the search for perfection in the de-
found not only in the plants of major rocket-engine sign of propulsion systems will continue. This
producers, such as Rocketdyne, Aerojet, and Pratt & book will aid materially in achieving this goal."
Whitney, or in specialized centers of NASA and the
branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, but also and Wemher Von Braun
equally important--in the plants of the "suppliers," Director
the hundreds of smaller companies that produce Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA
many of a rocket engine's highly specialized parts. It
is the dedication, skill, and pride of workmanship of
these people that made possible this nation's many I want to thank the many professionals in the various
space successes--manned or unmanned. Future pro- design, development, test, graphics and publications