Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles

573 Pages·2018·18.961 MB·English

by  Ebrahimi, Kambiz M., Ehsani, Mehrdad, Gao, Yimin, Longo, Stefano

Modern Electric, Hybrid
Electric, and Fuel Cell
Vehicles
Third Edition

Modern Electric, Hybrid
Electric, and Fuel Cell
Vehicles
Third Edition
Mehrdad Ehsani
Yimin Gao
Stefano Longo
Kambiz M. Ebrahimi
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To my Wonderful Wife, Zohreh
Mehrdad Ehsani
To my Wife Anni, and my Daughter, Yuan
Yimin Gao
To my Mum, Dad and Little Brother
Stefano Longo
To my Wife and Daughter
Kambiz Ebrahimi

Contents
Preface...................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments....................................................................... xxi
Authors................................................................................. xxiii
1. EnvironmentalImpactandHistoryofModernTransportation..................... 1
1.1 AirPollution.................................................................... 1
1.1.1 NitrogenOxides....................................................... 2
1.1.2 CarbonMonoxide ..................................................... 2
1.1.3 UnburnedHCs ........................................................ 2
1.1.4 OtherPollutants ....................................................... 2
1.2 GlobalWarming................................................................ 3
1.3 PetroleumResources............................................................ 5
1.4 InducedCosts................................................................... 7
1.5 ImportanceofDifferentTransportationDevelopmentStrategies
toFutureOilSupply............................................................ 8
1.6 HistoryofEVs ................................................................. 11
1.7 HistoryofHEVs ............................................................... 12
1.8 HistoryofFuelCellVehicles................................................... 14
Bibliography.......................................................................... 15
2. FundamentalsofVehiclePropulsionandBraking ................................. 17
2.1 GeneralDescriptionofVehicleMovement .................................... 17
2.2 VehicleResistance ............................................................. 17
2.2.1 RollingResistance .................................................... 18
2.2.2 AerodynamicDrag ................................................... 21
2.2.3 GradingResistance ................................................... 21
2.3 DynamicEquation............................................................. 23
2.4 Tire–GroundAdhesionandMaximumTractiveEffort........................ 25
2.5 PowerTrainTractiveEffortandVehicleSpeed................................ 27
2.6 VehiclePerformance........................................................... 29
2.6.1 MaximumSpeedofaVehicle......................................... 30
2.6.2 Gradeability .......................................................... 31
2.6.3 AccelerationPerformance............................................. 31
2.7 OperatingFuelEconomy ...................................................... 34
2.7.1 FuelEconomyCharacteristicsofICEngines ......................... 34
2.7.2 ComputationofVehicleFuelEconomy............................... 35
2.7.3 BasicTechniquestoImproveVehicleFuelEconomy................. 37
2.8 BrakePerformance............................................................. 38
2.8.1 BrakingForce......................................................... 39
2.8.2 BrakingDistributiononFrontandRearAxles ....................... 41
2.8.3 BrakingRegulationandBrakingPerformanceAnalysis.............. 45
2.8.3.1 BrakingRegulation........................................ 45
vii
viii Contents
2.8.3.2 BrakingPerformanceAnalysis............................. 47
Bibliography.......................................................................... 49
3. InternalCombustionEngines ....................................................... 51
3.1 SparkIgnitionEngine.......................................................... 51
3.1.1 BasicStructureandOperationPrinciplewithOttoCycle ............ 51
3.1.2 OperationParameters ................................................ 53
3.1.2.1 RatingValues.............................................. 53
3.1.2.2 IndicatedTorqueandIndicatedMeanEffectivePressure.. 53
3.1.2.3 BrakeMeanEffectivePressure(bmep)and
BrakeTorque .............................................. 56
3.1.2.4 EmissionMeasurement.................................... 57
3.1.2.5 EngineOperationCharacteristics.......................... 58
3.1.3 BasicTechniquesforImprovingEnginePerformance,Efficiency,and
Emissions............................................................. 59
3.1.3.1 ForcedInduction........................................... 59
3.1.3.2 GasolineDirectInjectionandLean-BurnEngines......... 61
3.1.3.3 MultivalveandVariableValveTiming.................... 61
3.1.3.4 VariableCompressionRatio............................... 61
3.1.3.5 ExhaustGasRecirculation................................. 62
3.1.3.6 IntelligentIgnition......................................... 62
3.1.3.7 NewEngineMaterials..................................... 62
3.1.4 BriefReviewofSIEngineControlSystem............................ 62
3.1.5 OperationPrinciplewithAtkinsonCycle............................. 64
3.1.5.1 OriginalEnginewithAtkinsonCycle ..................... 64
3.1.5.2 ModernEnginewithAtkinsonCycle...................... 65
3.2 CompressionIgnitionEngine.................................................. 68
3.3 AlternativeFuelsandAlternativeFuelEngines ............................... 69
3.3.1 AlternativeFuels...................................................... 69
3.3.1.1 EthanolandEthanolEngine............................... 69
3.3.1.2 CompressedNaturalGasandNaturalGasEngine........ 70
3.3.1.3 EnhancedHydrogen(H2Combustion).................... 72
Bibliography.......................................................................... 72
4. VehicleTransmission................................................................ 73
4.1 PowerPlantCharacteristics.................................................... 73
4.2 TransmissionCharacteristics................................................... 76
4.3 ManualGearTransmission(MT) .............................................. 78
4.4 AutomaticTransmission....................................................... 81
4.4.1 ConventionalAutomaticTransmission............................... 82
4.4.1.1 TorqueConverterOperation .............................. 82
4.4.1.2 PlanetaryorEpicyclicGearTrain.......................... 86
4.4.1.3 CompoundEpicyclicGear................................. 88
4.4.2 AutomatedManualandDual-ClutchTransmission.................. 89
4.5 ContinuouslyVariableTransmission.......................................... 91
4.6 InfinitelyVariableTransmissions.............................................. 91
4.7 DedicatedHybridTransmission(DHT) ....................................... 92
Bibliography.......................................................................... 93
Contents ix
5. ElectricVehicles ..................................................................... 95
5.1 ConfigurationsofElectricVehicles ............................................ 95
5.2 PerformanceofElectricVehicles............................................... 98
5.2.1 TractionMotorCharacteristics........................................ 98
5.2.2 TractiveEffortandTransmissionRequirement....................... 99
5.2.3 VehiclePerformance................................................. 101
5.3 TractiveEffortinNormalDriving............................................103
5.4 EnergyConsumption.........................................................105
Bibliography......................................................................... 110
6. HybridElectricVehicles............................................................ 113
6.1 ConceptofHybridElectricDrivetrains.......................................113
6.2 ArchitecturesofHybridElectricDrivetrains..................................116
6.2.1 SeriesHybridElectricDrivetrains(ElectricalCoupling)............. 117
6.2.2 ParallelHybridElectricDrivetrains(MechanicalCoupling)......... 119
6.2.2.1 ParallelHybridDrivetrainwithTorqueCoupling........ 120
6.2.2.2 ParallelHybridDrivetrainwithSpeedCoupling......... 126
6.2.2.3 HybridDrivetrainswithBothTorqueand
SpeedCoupling........................................... 132
Bibliography......................................................................... 136
7. ElectricPropulsionSystems........................................................ 139
7.1 DCMotorDrives .............................................................141
7.1.1 PrincipleofOperationandPerformance ............................ 141
7.1.2 CombinedArmatureVoltageandFieldControl .................... 145
7.1.3 ChopperControlofDCMotors ..................................... 146
7.1.4 MultiquadrantControlofChopper-FedDCMotorDrives.......... 149
7.1.4.1 Two-QuadrantControlofForwardMotoringand
RegenerativeBraking..................................... 150
7.1.4.2 Four-QuadrantOperation ................................ 153
7.2 InductionMotorDrives.......................................................153
7.2.1 BasicOperationPrinciplesofInductionMotors..................... 154
7.2.2 Steady-StatePerformance............................................ 157
7.2.3 ConstantVolt/HertzControl........................................ 159
7.2.4 PowerElectronicControl............................................ 160
7.2.5 FieldOrientationControl............................................ 163
7.2.5.1 FieldOrientationPrinciples............................... 163
7.2.5.2 Control.................................................... 170
7.2.5.3 DirectRotorFluxOrientationScheme.................... 172
7.2.5.4 IndirectRotorFluxOrientationScheme.................. 175
7.2.6 VoltageSourceInverterforFOC .................................... 177
7.2.6.1 VoltageControlinVoltageSourceInverter .............. 179
7.2.6.2 CurrentControlinVoltageSourceInverter .............. 181
7.3 PermanentMagneticBLDCMotorDrives....................................184
7.3.1 BasicPrinciplesofBLDCMotorDrives.............................. 185
7.3.2 BLDCMachineConstructionandClassification..................... 185
7.3.3 PropertiesofPMMaterials .......................................... 189