Modern Drying Technology, Process Intensification

400 Pages·2014·8.44 MB·English

by  Evangelos Tsotsas

Editedby
EvangelosTsotsasand
ArunS.Mujumdar
ModernDryingTechnology
ModernDryingTechnology
EditedbyE.TsotsasandA.Mujumdar
OtherVolumes
Volume1:ComputationalToolsatDifferentScales
ISBN:978-3-527-31556-7
Volume2:ExperimentalTechniques
ISBN:978-3-527-31557-4
Volume3:ProductQualityandFormulation
ISBN:978-3-527-31558-1
Volume4:EnergySavings
ISBN:978-3-527-31559-8
ModernDryingTechnologySet(Volumes1–5)
ISBN:978-3-527-31554-3
Edited by
Evangelos Tsotsas and Arun S. Mujumdar
Modern Drying Technology
Volume 5: Process Intensification
TheEditors: AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully
produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
Prof.EvangelosTsotsas publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained
OttovonGuerickeUniversity inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof
ThermalProcessEngineering errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
Universitätsplatz2 statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsor
39106Magdeburg otheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
Germany
LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor
Prof.ArunS.Mujumdar BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
NationalUniversityofSingapore Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe
MechanicalEngineering/BlockEA07-0 BritishLibrary.
9EngineeringDrive1
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutsche
Singapore117576
Nationalbibliothek
Singapore
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis
publicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableonthe
Internet at < http:// dnb.d-nb.d e> .
#2014Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,
Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim,Germany
Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationinto
otherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmaybe
reproducedinanyform–byphotoprinting,
microfilm,oranyothermeans–nortransmittedor
translatedintoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten
permissionfromthepublishers.Registerednames,
trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennot
specificallymarkedassuch,arenottobeconsidered
unprotectedbylaw.
PrintISBN: 978-3-527-31560-4
ePDFISBN: 978-3-527-63171-1
ePubISBN: 978-3-527-65140-5
MobiISBN: 978-3-527-65139-9
oBookISBN: 978-3-527-63170-4
CoverDesign AdamDesign,Weinheim
Typesetting ThomsonDigital,Noida,India
PrintingandBinding StraussGmbH,Mörlenbach
Printedonacid-freepaper
PrintedintheFederalRepublicof Germany
j
V
Contents
SeriesPreface XI
PrefaceofVolume5 XV
ListofContributors XIX
RecommendedNotation XXIII
EFCEWorkingPartyonDrying:AddressList XXIX
1 ImpingingJetDrying 1
EckehardSpecht
1.1 Application 1
1.2 SingleNozzle 4
1.3 NozzleFields 7
1.3.1 ArraysofSingleNozzles 7
1.3.2 HoleChannels 12
1.3.3 PerforatedPlates 13
1.3.4 NozzlesforCylindricalBodies 14
1.4 SummaryoftheNusseltFunctions 16
1.5 DesignofNozzleField 17
1.6 Conclusion 23
References 24
2 PulseCombustionDrying 27
IreneuszZbicinski,TadeuszKudra,andXiangdongLiu
2.1 PrincipleofPulseCombustion 27
2.2 PulseCombustors:DesignandOperation 32
2.2.1 PulseCombustorswithMechanicalValves 32
2.2.2 PulseCombustorswithAerodynamicValves 34
2.2.3 Frequency-TunablePulsedCombustors 35
2.3 Aerodynamics,HeatandMassTransfer 36
2.3.1 Atomization 37
2.3.2 HeatandMassTransfer 38
2.4 ModelingofPulseCombustionDrying 42
2.5 PulseCombustioninDrying 48
References 53
VIjContents
3 SuperheatedSteamDryingofFoodsandBiomaterials 57
SakamonDevahastinandArunS.Mujumdar
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 PrincipleofSuperheatedSteamDrying(SSD) 58
3.3 Atmospheric-PressureSuperheatedSteamDrying 61
3.4 Low-PressureSuperheatedSteamDrying(LPSSD) 69
3.5 ApplicationofLPSSDtoImprovetheQualityofFoodsand
Biomaterials 76
3.6 ConcludingRemarks 82
References 83
4 IntensificationofFluidized-BedProcessesforDryingand
Formulation 85
EvangelosTsotsas,StefanHeinrich,MichaelJacob,MirkoPeglow,
andLotharM€orl
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 IntensificationbyApparatusandFlowDesign 86
4.2.1 DifferentTypesofSpoutedBed 86
4.2.2 OperatingCharacteristicsofSpoutedBeds 93
4.2.3 MassandHeatTransferinProCellUnits 100
4.2.4 DiscreteParticleModeling 107
4.3 IntensificationbyContactHeating 112
4.3.1 GeneralPrinciple 112
4.3.2 MainEffectsandInfluences 114
4.3.3 FurtherRemarksonModeling 121
4.4 FurtherMethodsofIntensification 126
4.5 Conclusion 127
References 128
5 IntensificationofFreeze-DryingforthePharmaceuticalandFood
Industries 131
RobertoPisano,DavideFissore,andAntonelloA.Barresi
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 ExergeticAnalysis(andOptimization)oftheFreeze-DryingProcess 133
5.3 ProcessIntensificationinVacuumFreeze-DryingofLiquids 139
5.3.1 RegulationofNucleationTemperatureDuringFreezing 140
5.3.2 UseofOrganicSolventsandCosolvents 144
5.4 AtmosphericFreeze-Drying 146
5.5 UseofCombinedTechnologiesforDryingHeat-Sensitive
Products 150
5.5.1 Microwave-AssistedDrying 150
5.5.2 Ultrasound-AssistedDrying 152
5.6 ContinuousFreeze-Drying 154
5.7 Conclusions 155
References 157
ContentsjVII
6 DryingofFoamedMaterials 163
IreneuszZbicinski,JuliaRabaeva,andArturLewandowski
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 FoamProperties 164
6.3 FoamSprayDrying 167
6.3.1 ProcessingPrinciples 167
6.3.2 FinalProductProperties 172
6.4 Foam-MatDrying 181
6.5 Summary 187
References 188
7 Process-InducedMinimizationofMassTransferBarriers
forImprovedDrying 191
HenryJ€ager,KatharinaSch€ossler,andDietrichKnorr
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 StructuralCharacterizationofPlantRawMaterialsandImpactofPEF
andUltrasound 192
7.2.1 MethodsforAnalysisofTissueStructureandQuantification
ofCellDamage 192
7.2.2 PEF:PrinciplesandImpactonPlantTissueStructure 195
7.2.2.1 IntroductiontoPEFTechnology 195
7.2.2.2 PEF:ImpactonPlantTissueStructure 196
7.2.3 Ultrasound:PrinciplesandImpactonPlantTissueStructure 199
7.2.3.1 IntroductiontoUltrasoundTechnology 199
7.2.3.2 Ultrasound:ImpactonPlantTissueStructure 200
7.3 PulsedElectricField(PEF)ApplicationasaPretreatment 204
7.3.1 OsmoticDehydration 205
7.3.2 AirDrying 206
7.3.3 ImpactofPEFonFreezingandFreeze-DryingBehaviorofRaw
Materials 208
7.3.4 QualityCharacteristicsAffectedbyPEFPretreatment 211
7.4 ContactUltrasoundforCombinedDryingProcesses 216
7.4.1 UltrasoundinOsmoticDehydration 217
7.4.2 ContactUltrasoundinAirDrying 218
7.4.3 ContactUltrasoundinFreeze-Drying 221
7.4.4 QualityCharacteristicsAffectedbyUltrasound-CombinedDrying
Processes 224
7.5 Conclusion 226
References 230
8 DryingAssistedbyPowerUltrasound 237
JuanAndr(cid:2)esC(cid:2)arcel,Jos(cid:2)eVicenteGarcía-P(cid:2)erez,EnriqueRiera,
CarmenRossell(cid:2)o,and AntonioMulet
8.1 Introduction 237
8.2 Ultrasound 239
VIIIjContents
8.2.1 UltrasoundWaves 239
8.2.1.1 Power 239
8.2.1.2 Frequency 240
8.2.1.3 Attenuation 240
8.2.1.4 AcousticImpedance 240
8.2.2 EffectsofUltrasoundonMassTransfer 241
8.3 UltrasonicEquipment 242
8.3.1 SourceofEnergy 243
8.3.2 Transducers 243
8.3.3 ApplicationSystems 245
8.3.3.1 TreatmentsinLiquidMedia 245
8.3.3.2 TreatmentsinGasMedia 247
8.4 InfluenceoftheMainProcessVariablesonDryingIntensification
byUltrasound 250
8.4.1 UltrasonicPowerApplied 250
8.4.1.1 UltrasonicFieldMeasurements 251
8.4.1.2 UltrasonicIntensityandEffects 252
8.4.1.3 InfluenceoftheCharacteristicsoftheMediumonUltrasonic
Intensity 258
8.4.2 DryingAirTemperature 263
8.4.3 Ultrasound–SampleInteraction 266
8.5 Conclusions 272
References 273
9 Microwave-AssistedDryingofFoods–Equipment,Process
andProductQuality 279
YingqiangWang,MinZhang,andArunS.Mujumdar
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 Microwave-AssistedDryingofFoods 281
9.2.1 BasicPrinciplesofMicrowave-AssistedDrying 281
9.2.2 EnergyAbsorptionbyProductsDuringDielectricHeating 283
9.2.3 DielectricProperties 283
9.2.4 PenetrationDepth 285
9.3 Microwave-AssistedDryingEquipment 285
9.3.1 Microwave-AssistedConvectiveDryingEquipment 286
9.3.2 Microwave-AssistedVacuumDryingEquipment 287
9.3.3 Microwave-AssistedFreeze-DryingEquipment 290
9.3.4 Microwave-AssistedSpoutedBedDryingEquipment 291
9.4 Microwave-AssistedDryingProcess 292
9.4.1 MoistureLoss 293
9.4.2 TemperatureDistributions 295
9.4.2.1 TemperatureVariationsatFixedLevelsofMicrowavePower 296
9.4.2.2 TemperatureVariationsatVariableMicrowavePowerwithout
ControllingTemperature 298
ContentsjIX
9.4.2.3 TemperatureChangewithTime-AdjustedPowerinFeedback
TemperatureControl 299
9.4.3 EnergyConsumption 299
9.4.4 DielectricBreakdown 302
9.4.5 ChangesinDielectricProperties 304
9.4.6 QualityChangesinFoodduringMicrowave-AssistedDrying 305
9.5 Microwave-AssistedDryingProcessControlandOptimal
Operation 308
9.5.1 FactorsControllingMicrowave-AssistedDryingProcesses 308
9.5.2 OptimalOperationStrategy 308
9.6 ConcludingRemarks 310
References 312
10 InfraredDrying 317
GermanEfremov
10.1 Introduction 317
10.2 RadiationHeatTransfer 318
10.2.1 GeneralPrinciples 318
10.2.2 Reflection,Absorption,andTransmission 319
10.2.3 InfraredSpectrum 321
10.3 Classification,Research,andApplicationsofRadiationDrying 323
10.3.1 Classification 323
10.3.2 SolarDrying 325
10.3.3 InfraredDrying 326
10.3.4 CatalyticInfraredDrying 329
10.4 TypesofRadiators 332
10.4.1 GeneralConsiderations 332
10.4.2 ElectricRadiators 333
10.4.3 Gas-HeatedIRRadiators 335
10.5 InteractionbetweenMatterandInfraredRadiation 337
10.5.1 GeneralRelationships 337
10.5.2 RadiationPropertiesofMaterials 339
10.6 KineticsofInfraredDrying 342
10.7 InfraredDryingCombinedwithotherTypesofDrying 345
10.7.1 IRandConvectiveDrying 346
10.7.2 IRandMicrowaveDrying 347
10.7.3 IRandFreeze-Drying 348
10.7.4 IRwithotherTypesofDrying 348
10.8 Conclusions 351
References 352
Index 357