MODERN COSMOLOGY

495 Pages·2001·5.97 MB·English

MODERN COSMOLOGY
Studies inHighEnergy Physics,Cosmologyand Gravitation
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MODERN COSMOLOGY
Edited by
Silvio Bonometto
DepartmentofPhysics,
UniversityofMilan—Bicocca,Milan
Vittorio Gorini and Ugo Moschella
DepartmentofChemical, MathematicalandPhysicalSciences,
UniversityofInsubriaatComo
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING
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Contents
Preface xiii
1 Thephysicsoftheearlyuniverse(anoverview)
SilvioBonometto 1
1.1 Thephysicsoftheearlyuniverse:anoverview 1
1.1.1 Themiddle-agecosmology 2
1.1.2 Inflationarytheories 4
1.1.3 Linksbetweencosmologyandparticlephysics 6
1.1.4 Basicquestionsandtentativeanswers 7
2 Anintroductiontothephysicsofcosmology
JohnAPeacock 9
2.1 Aspectsofgeneralrelativity 9
2.1.1 Theequivalenceprinciple 11
2.1.2 Applicationsofgravitationaltimedilation 12
2.2 Theenergy–momentumtensor 13
2.2.1 Relativisticfluidmechanics 14
2.3 Thefieldequations 16
2.3.1 Newtonianlimit 16
2.3.2 Pressureasasourceofgravity 17
2.3.3 Energydensityofthevacuum 17
2.4 TheFriedmannmodels 19
2.4.1 Cosmologicalcoordinates 19
2.4.2 Theredshift 21
2.4.3 Dynamicsoftheexpansion 22
2.4.4 SolutionstotheFriedmannequation 24
2.4.5 Horizons 27
2.4.6 Observationsincosmology 27
2.4.7 Themeaningofanexpandinguniverse 29
2.5 Inflationarycosmology 32
2.5.1 Inflationfielddynamics 34
2.5.2 Endinginflation 36
2.5.3 Relicfluctuationsfrominflation 38
vi Contents
2.5.4 Gravitywavesandtilt 40
2.5.5 Evidenceforvacuumenergyatlatetimes 42
2.5.6 Cosmiccoincidence 43
2.6 Dynamicsofstructureformation 47
2.6.1 Linearperturbations 47
2.6.2 Dynamicaleffectsofradiation 50
2.6.3 Thepeculiarvelocityfield 53
2.6.4 Transferfunctions 54
2.6.5 Thesphericalmodel 57
2.7 Quantifyinglarge-scalestructure 58
2.7.1 Fourieranalysisofdensityfluctuations 59
2.7.2 TheCDMmodel 61
2.7.3 Karhunen–Loe`veandallthat 63
2.7.4 Projectiononthesky 68
2.7.5 Nonlinearclustering:aproblemforCDM? 72
2.7.6 Real-spaceandredshift-spaceclustering 74
2.7.7 ThestateoftheartinLSS 76
2.7.8 Galaxyformationandbiasedclustering 81
2.8 Cosmicbackgroundfluctuations 86
2.8.1 Thehotbigbangandthemicrowavebackground 86
2.8.2 Mechanismsforprimaryfluctuations 88
2.8.3 Thetemperaturepowerspectrum 90
2.8.4 Large-scalefluctuationsandCMBpowerspectrum 93
2.8.5 PredictionsofCMBanisotropies 95
2.8.6 Geometricaldegeneracy 97
2.8.7 Small-scaledataandoutlook 100
References 104
3 Cosmologicalmodels
GeorgeFREllis 108
3.1 Introduction 108
3.1.1 Spacetime 109
3.1.2 Fieldequations 109
3.1.3 Matterdescription 110
3.1.4 Cosmology 111
3.2 1+3covariantdescription:variables 112
3.2.1 Average4-velocityofmatter 112
3.2.2 Kinematicquantities 113
3.2.3 Mattertensor 114
3.2.4 Electromagneticfield 114
3.2.5 Weyltensor 115
3.3 1+3Covariantdescription:equations 115
3.3.1 Energy–momentumconservationequations 115
3.3.2 Ricciidentities 116
Contents vii
3.3.3 Bianchiidentities 119
3.3.4 Implications 120
3.3.5 Shear-freedust 120
3.4 Tetraddescription 121
3.4.1 Generaltetradformalism 121
3.4.2 Tetradformalismincosmology 123
3.4.3 Completeset 124
3.5 Modelsandsymmetries 124
3.5.1 Symmetriesofcosmologies 124
3.5.2 Classificationofcosmologicalsymmetries 127
3.6 Friedmann–Lemaˆıtremodels 130
3.6.1 Phaseplanesandevolutionarypaths 131
3.6.2 Spatialtopology 131
3.6.3 Growthofinhomogeneity 132
3.7 Bianchiuniverses(s =3) 132
3.7.1 ConstructingBianchiuniverses 133
3.7.2 Dynamicalsystemsapproach 134
3.7.3 Isotropizationproperties 138
3.8 Observationsandhorizons 139
3.8.1 Observationalvariablesandrelations:FLmodels 139
3.8.2 Particlehorizonsandvisualhorizons 141
3.8.3 Smalluniverses 141
3.8.4 Observationsinanisotropicandinhomogeneousmodels 142
3.8.5 Proofofalmost-FLgeometry 143
3.8.6 Importanceofconsistencychecks 146
3.9 Explaininghomogeneityandstructure 146
3.9.1 Showinginitialconditionsareirrelevant 147
3.9.2 Theexplanationofinitialconditions 150
3.9.3 Theirremovableproblem 153
3.10 Conclusion 154
References 154
4 Inflationarycosmologyandcreationofmatterintheuniverse
AndreiDLinde 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Briefhistoryofinflation 160
4.2.1 Chaoticinflation 161
4.3 Quantumfluctuationsintheinflationaryuniverse 164
4.4 Quantumfluctuationsanddensityperturbations 168
4.5 Fromthebigbangtheorytothetheoryofeternalinflation 169
4.6 (P)reheatingafterinflation 172
4.7 Conclusions 183
References 183
viii Contents
5 Darkmatterandparticlephysics
AntonioMasieroandSilviaPascoli 186
5.1 Introduction 186
5.2 TheSMofparticlephysics 188
5.2.1 TheHiggsmechanismandvectorbosonmasses 189
5.2.2 Fermionmasses 191
5.2.3 SuccessesanddifficultiesoftheSM 192
5.3 Thedarkmatterproblem:experimentalevidence 192
5.4 LeptonnumberviolationandneutrinosasHDMcandidates 194
5.4.1 Experimentallimitsonneutrinomasses 194
5.4.2 NeutrinomassesintheSMandbeyond 195
5.4.3 Thermalhistoryofneutrinos 196
5.4.4 HDMandstructureformation 197
5.5 Low-energySUSYandDM 198
5.5.1 NeutralinosastheLSPinSUSYmodels 198
5.5.2 NeutralinosintheminimalsupersymmetricSM 199
5.5.3 Thermalhistoryofneutralinosand(cid:1) 200
CDM
5.5.4 CDMmodelsandstructureformation 202
5.6 Warmdarkmatter 203
5.6.1 ThermalhistoryoflightgravitinosandWDMmodels 203
5.7 Darkenergy,(cid:2)CDMandxCDMorQCDM 204
5.7.1 (cid:2)CDMmodels 205
5.7.2 Scalarfieldcosmologyandquintessence 206
References 207
6 Supergravityandcosmology
RenataKallosh 211
6.1 M/stringtheoryandsupergravity 211
6.2 Superconformalsymmetry,supergravityandcosmology 212
6.3 Gravitinoproductionafterinflation 215
6.4 Super-Higgseffectincosmology 216
6.5 M →∞limit 217
P
References 218
7 Thecosmicmicrowavebackground
ArthurKosowsky 219
7.1 Abriefhistoricalperspective 220
7.2 Physicsoftemperaturefluctuations 222
7.2.1 Causesoftemperaturefluctuations 223
7.2.2 Aformaldescription 224
7.2.3 Tightcoupling 226
7.2.4 Free-streaming 227
7.2.5 Diffusiondamping 227
7.2.6 Theresultingpowerspectrum 228
7.3 Physicsofpolarizationfluctuations 229
Contents ix
7.3.1 Stokesparameters 230
7.3.2 Thomsonscatteringandthequadrupolarsource 231
7.3.3 Harmonicexpansionsandpowerspectra 232
7.4 Acousticoscillations 234
7.4.1 Anoscillatorequation 235
7.4.2 Initialconditions 236
7.4.3 Coherentoscillations 237
7.4.4 Theeffectofbaryons 238
7.5 Cosmologicalmodelsandconstraints 239
7.5.1 Aspaceofmodels 239
7.5.2 Physicalquantities 241
7.5.3 Powerspectrumdegeneracies 242
7.5.4 Idealizedexperiments 244
7.5.5 Currentconstraintsandupcomingexperiments 247
7.6 Model-independentcosmologicalconstraints 251
7.6.1 Flatness 252
7.6.2 Coherentacousticoscillations 254
7.6.3 Adiabaticprimordialperturbations 254
7.6.4 Gaussianprimordialperturbations 255
7.6.5 Tensororvectorperturbations 255
7.6.6 Reionizationredshift 257
7.6.7 Magneticfields 257
7.6.8 Thetopologyoftheuniverse 257
7.7 Finale:testinginflationarycosmology 258
References 261
8 Darkmattersearchwithinnovativetechniques
AndreaGiuliani 264
8.1 CDMdirectdetection 264
8.1.1 StatusoftheDMproblem 264
8.1.2 Neutralinos 265
8.1.3 Thegalactichalo 266
8.1.4 StrategiesforWIMPdirectdetection 267
8.2 Phonon-mediatedparticledetection 271
8.2.1 Basicprinciples 272
8.2.2 Theenergyabsorber 272
8.2.3 Phononsensors 273
8.3 Innovativetechniquesbasedonphonon-mediateddevices 273
8.3.1 Basicprinciplesofdoublereadoutdetectors 273
8.3.2 CDMS,EDELWEISSandCRESSTexperiments 274
8.3.3 DiscussionoftheCDMSresults 276
8.4 Otherinnovativetechniques 279
References 280