Modern Concrete Construction Manual (Detail)

269 Pages·2014·31.035 MB·English

by  Martin Peck(ed.)

MARTIN PECK (EDITOR)
Modern Concrete
Construction
MANUAL
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
∂
SUSTAINABILITY

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Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation · Munich
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MARTIN PECK (EDITOR)
Modern Concrete
Construction
MANUAL
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
SUSTAINABILITY
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Authors
Dipl.-Ing. Martin Peck (Editor)
BetonMarketing Süd GmbH, Munich
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Dauberschmidt,
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Arthur Wolfrum
Munich University of Applied Sciences
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stephan Engelsmann,
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Peters,
Dr.-Ing. Valerie Spalding,
Dipl.-Ing. Franz Forstlechner
Engelsmann Peters GmbH, Stuttgart State Academy of Arts and Design,
Graz Technical University
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Ulrike Förschler
Rosenheim University of Applied Sciences
Dipl.-Ing. Torsten Förster
German Cement Works Association (VDZ), Berlin
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Lieblang
Cologne University of Applied Sciences
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Tobias Wallisser
Stuttgart State Academy of Arts and Design
Editorial services
Editing, copy-editing: © 2014 English translation of the 1st German edition
Steffi Lenzen (Project Manager);
Eva Schönbrunner, Melanie Weber ISBN: 978-3-95553-205-5 (Print)
ISBN: 978-3-95553-206-2 (E-Book)
Editorial assistants: ISBN: 978-3-95553-207-9 (Bundle)
Carola Jacob-Ritz, Florian Köhler; Jana Rackwitz
Bibliographic information published by the German National Library.
Drawings:
The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche
Dejanira Ornellas Bitterer, Ralph Donhauser,
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the
Marion Griese, Martin Hämmel, Emese M. Köszegi
Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
Translation into English and Copy editing:
Christina McKenna, Matthew Griffon, Matt Haycocks This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether the
Keiki Communication, Berlin whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, recitation, reuse of illustrations and tables,
Proofreading: broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways and storage
Stefan Widdess, Berlin in data processing systems. Reproduction of any part of this work in
individual cases, too, is only permitted within the limits of the provi-
Cover: sions of the valid edition of the copyright law. A charge will be levied.
Cathrin Huber, Munich Infringements will be subject to the penalty clauses of the copyright
law.
Production & layout:
Simone Soesters
This book is also available in a German language edition
(ISBN 978-3-920034-95-9)
Reproduction:
Martin Härtl OHG Repro und Publishing, Munich
Printing and binding:
Kösel GmbH & Co. KG, Altusried-Krugzell
Publisher:
Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation
GmbH & Co. KG, Munich
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Contents
Imprint 4
Foreword 6
Part A Introduction
1 On the stage of architecture 10
Torsten Förster
Part B Fundamentals I
1 Building material and products 22
Martin Peck
2 Concrete construction operations 46
Martin Peck
3 Materiality and surface 54
Martin Peck
4 Designing structures with 70
structural concrete
Stephan Engelsmann, Stefan Peters,
Valerie Spalding, Franz Forstlechner
5 Digital design and 106
fabrication methods
Tobias Wallisser
Part C Fundamentals II
1 Sustainable construction with concrete 116
Peter Lieblang
2 Costs and economics 130
Peter Lieblang
3 Thermal building physics and 136
energy efficiency
Peter Lieblang
4 Building acoustics 152
Peter Lieblang
5 Renovation and restoration 160
Arthur Wolfrum,
Christoph Dauberschmidt
6 Interiors, design, vision 172
Ulrike Förschler
Part D Examples of completed
buildings in detail
Project examples 1 to 19 181
Part E Appendix
Authors 261
Regulations, directives, standards 262
Bibliography 263
Picture credits 266
Index 268
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Foreword
Concrete is a remarkable building material, The different approaches of the two types of
but despite its widespread presence, it is professional education to the same topic high-
frequently an inconspicuous part of our built light the need for more interdisciplinary cooper-
environment, often hidden in structures, foun- ation and communication using a simple, uni-
dations and similar parts of buildings. Some- versal technical language and terminology.
times, however, it stands out in an architec- The range of specialist literature available to
tural structure that makes use of its material architects on building with concrete is, how-
properties, is highlighted in smooth exposed ever, relatively small, which makes it difficult to
concrete or deliberately roughened surfaces, find advice for solving current challenges and
plays with structures, or transforms seemingly for training and education purposes.
unbuildable visions into reality. This work is designed to be a compendium,
which, in its selection of content and style of
“Concrete is everywhere”, is the usual brief presentation, opens up and explains current
aphoristic or prosaic lament heard when concrete construction techniques and tech-
thoughts turn to the “architectural sins” of nology, mainly to architects, clearly and with
the recent past. Yet concrete as a material a comprehensible breadth of expertise.
does not dictate any particular application.
It has its own material properties but no inher- The use of concrete and other cement-bonded
ent form or texture – on the contrary: concrete building materials has expanded greatly in
harbours a wealth of potential that should be recent decades, so it would be impossible to
used. provide a complete overview of the potential
Concrete also polarises people like no other of concrete construction techniques within the
building material because for all its unobtru- limits of this book. Instead, this work focuses
siveness, it is too often present and is too on presenting the fundamentals of the main
ubiquitous to be overlooked or ignored. Its aspects and applications of concrete construc-
importance to all the world’s societies and tion and their technical, formal and regulatory
national economies makes it essential to backgrounds.
their development and prosperity. What
concrete means at the global level quickly The “Concrete Construction Manual” by Kind-
becomes clear if we try to imagine our built Barkauskas, Kauhsen, Polónyi and Brandt
environment without it: Technically and eco- (2001/2009) has an established position in the
nomically, it is almost impossible to substi- Edition DETAIL “Atlas of Construction” series.
tute for an equivalent material. Today’s con- After a detailed introduction on the material’s
crete construction methods are the product history, the focus is on a comprehensive sec-
of a constantly continuing and mutually inter- tion on the basics of classic civil engineering
dependent development of the construction and fundamental structures.
material and construction methods, a develop- The “Modern Concrete Construction Manual”
ment unparalleled for any other material in emphasises both continuing quality and
construction. renewed content in the face of changing
demands on architects. With a view to the
The education of civil engineers concentrates current requirements made on architecture
mainly on concrete construction techniques and planning, the book concentrates more on
and technology. Architecture students, in con- building construction and the related possibili-
trast, as well as studying the structural basics, ties in designing with concrete and especially
tend to focus more on the material’s haptic on its haptic and sensory properties, which
and sensory side. The approaches differ for tend to be less important in civil engineering.
disciplinary and historic reasons, and despite There is also a focus on current topics such as
all the change evident in both types of educa- energy efficiency, sustainability and restoration
tion, they will probably not change much in the and renovation of concrete and steel reinforced
foreseeable future. concrete buildings.
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The division of planning work between archi- The detailed examples section created by
tects and structural planners results in inter- the DETAIL editorial team is characterised by
faces and interactions that demand a good the diversity of the purposes of the buildings,
level of interdisciplinary detailed knowledge which come from various countries with corre-
on both sides. The chapter on “Designing spondingly different architectural and struc-
structures with structural concrete” deals with tural approaches: ranging from a mountain hut
this area of planning, explaining general in the Laternser Valley to the MAXXI Museum
design and safety principles. The possibilities in Rome, and from a house in Zurich to Barce-
of digital aids and tools in the current – and lona’s City of Justice. All the selected projects
perhaps future – status of software develop- highlight concrete’s ability to influence design
ment and applications have a potential that is and suggest ways of using this classic con-
yet to be exploited. struction material in a modern context.
The chapter on “Thermal building physics This book’s content is the result of committed
and energy efficiency” seeks to extensively work by various recognised experts in indi-
describe the constantly growing demands vidual areas of civil engineering, architecture
on the energy efficiency of our buildings. Con- and interior design. Our cordial thanks go to
crete has inherent potential in this area due the authors, contributors and everyone who,
to its fluid-plastic placing and the useful heat in various ways, helped make this publication
storage capacity of hardened concrete, which a success. All the contributors are pleased to
seems to have enormous development poten- know that readers will find the book useful and
tial. In coming years, the national and interna- helpful in their everyday work and ongoing
tional regulatory situation governing the energy individual training and education.
efficiency requirements on buildings and struc-
tures will certainly change greatly because the Martin Peck, July 2013
global challenges that make them necessary
require urgent political action and appropriate
development. Energy-efficient construction will
increasingly become an elementary planning
measure and influence the appearance and
design of buildings accordingly, leaving archi-
tects facing new and particular challenges.
As well as energy efficiency, attention to and
an assessment of sustainability aspects und
criteria plays a major role in planning, building
and in the operation and use of buildings.
There are currently almost no binding laws
or regulations for expert planners and /or any
governing concrete construction, although
there have also been developments in this
area. Building materials manufacturers are
now called upon to provide an objective and
comparable database on their products. It is
also foreseeable that verifying the energy effi-
ciency and sustainability of buildings will soon
become an obligatory part of planning. Part C
of this book deals with this topic as far as is
possible and appropriate given today’s state
of knowledge.
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On the stage of architecture
Torsten Förster
A 1
Concrete is a character actor, or rather, it has it, but they rarely ignore it. Concrete only
become one. Once an invisible stagehand, remains unmentioned when it is supposed
silently ensuring the smooth progress of per- to. That decision lies with the “director”. Con-
formances in the background, it has matured, crete is compliant. Despite its many glittering
grown older and gradually taken its place on appearances, it’s still a silent, reliable helper.
centre stage. The stage of architecture is a It supports, separates and protects, invisible,
large one and has grown larger. New experi- humble and silent, if that’s what the architect
mental forms make their appearances, but wants.
concrete still plays a major role, not always,
but often. Sometimes it is its centuries of ex- Like the history of construction, the history
perience that are sought after, sometimes its of the theatre is as old as humanity. Stone
dramatic abilities. It can impress with its bril- Age people held theatrical performances,
liance, dominate or eccentrically exaggerate portraying their world and the major events
a performance. Concrete can however also of their lives. The Greek word “théatron”
be “miscast”. Critics may condemn or praise (acting, theatre) is derived from “theaomai”
about 9 m
1.60 m
Roman concrete with light
tuff rubble and pumice
(Relative density 1.35)
Roman concrete with
tuff rubble and brick chippings
(Relative density 1.50)
Roman concrete with
tuff rubble and brick chippings
(Relative density 1.60)
43.30 m
Roman concrete with
tuff and brick rubble
about 6 m (Relative density 1.60)
Brick outer shell
Roman concrete with
travertine and tuff rubble
(Relative density 1.75)
Brick outer shell
4.50 m Roman concrete with
travertine rubble
7.30 m
A 2
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On the stage of architecture
(to look at). Theatre holds up a mirror to the three spatial directions within one structural
world. But doesn’t the way in which architec- component and adapted to localised require-
ture is now sometimes received have a great ments. This can be done by varying the mate-
deal to do with simply looking? Don’t images rial’s porosity, using different proportions of
dominate the world of architecture? Is the ingredients or functionally graded concrete [1],
dome of the Reichstag, shown in the back- for example. Research is also being carried
ground of reporting on elections, an image out into more efficiently adapting the forms
of architecture or a symbol of democracy? If of structural components to make use of the
the symbolic predominates here, what about distribution of forces and a further property that
the images of buildings by Zaha Hadid, Frank only concrete offers: free formability. Examples
O. Gehry or Herzog & de Meuron that are so of such components are shape-optimised
celebrated in the media? Does this looking supports, folded support structures, ultra-light
complement the real building, or is it the other hollow profiles, filigree rods and the like. [2]
way around, the built structure reflecting a Such research aims to make more efficient use
previously desired representative reality? The of resources, save on materials and improve
ancient Greek words “archi-” (head) and “ték- components’ properties. If all this can be com-
ton” (master builder) are the essential roots bined with good architecture, Modernity will A 3
A 1 Concrete dome structure, the Pantheon, Rome (I)
of the word “architecture”. A builder creates one day follow in the great tradition of the Roman
125 A. D.
a built environment and characterises what master builders, using concrete to create great A 2 Pantheon, sectional view showing the various kinds
architecture is or could be in the etymological architecture. of concrete used
sense. Architecture’s essence is defined by A 3 Reinforced concrete dome structure, Centennial
Hall, Wroclaw (PL) 1913, Max Berg
the profession and personality of the master
builder. A person who builds creates his world, Concrete architecture
or so language, which remains the record of
our cultural development, suggests. Research into concrete’s material aspects has
been going on since time immemorial and its
We will go on to discuss the relationships of technical application has been continuously
creation and permanence and their effects further developed, with increasing dynamism in
and meanings, but first, back to concrete. recent decades. Much has been set in motion
The Pantheon in Rome was completed under and become reality on building sites. Architects
the emperor Hadrian in 125 A. D. (Fig. A 1), and civil engineers have made major contribu-
in the heyday of ancient Roman theatre. This tions to its progress. Implementing their ideas
is often described as the birth of concrete and visions increases knowledge and gives
architecture. Here, concrete is still invisible, rise to new capabilities.
hidden like a silent servant in a dome whose Concrete and vision
span remained unsurpassed for more than So what is concrete architecture? Can architec-
1,700 years. Only in 1911–1913 did the archi- ture be based on one specific material? Use of Planning and building is based on a projected
tect Max Berg build the Centennial Hall in a material cannot be equated with a building’s future. It could also be called vision. Every
Wroclaw with a bigger dome, 65 metres in essence, its significance, look and appear- building is “visionary architecture” until it’s
diameter (Fig. A 3). The Pantheon’s dome, at ance. It is neither right nor fair of a builder to completed. The word “visionary” has positive
just over 43 metres, is smaller, but it would impose responsibility for all this on one building connotations, even though it describes some-
be wrong to describe the building as modest. material. A material may be inspiring or make thing that is not viable, or at least not yet
Its space, light and atmosphere still captivate a planned form possible, but good architecture viable. Drawings, pictures, sketches, charts,
visitors. It also fascinates engineers who in - is even more than that. Architecture is a total descriptions and models are the tools of the
vestigate its construction. The Roman master experience, it’s not just about material, yet architect and planner. The construction of the
builders reduced its lateral shear force with a there is architecture in which concrete plays Pantheon in Rome, Chartres Cathedral and
material “trick”. The higher it rises towards its a major role – including in design: concrete Le Corbusier’s church in Ronchamp was based
apex, the lighter the dome becomes. This was architecture. Concrete allows architects to cre- on concrete plans. Yet what is not built, the
made possible by varying the ingredients of its ate something more than the overall result of visionary, also shapes the history of architec-
mortar and concrete (Fig. A 2). At its base, brick a structure. Many things contribute to this pro- ture: we need only think of the plan for St. Galler
rubble was used as aggregate for the binding cess, especially creativity. So what drives crea- abbey or Mies van der Rohe’s drawings of
mortar in the space between the dome’s inner tivity? An invention is rarely an end in itself. It high-rise buildings for Friedrichstrasse in Berlin.
and outer shells. Above this lighter tuff and is usually constraints and necessities, such as The Bauhaus movement also left behind mainly
above that even lighter pumice was used. budget limits, a shortage of time, misunder- words, drawings and pictures. Powerful and
Empty clay pots were also built into it to reduce standing of a task or a particular site that result visionary ideas can change the world.
its weight even further. The Pantheon’s dome in unconventional solutions. Shortages of mate-
construction anticipated a major trend in the rials can also inspire designers to produce
way we use concrete today: precise adaptation unforeseen new solutions. Creativity may also Whatever posterity makes of major ideas, they
of the construction material’s properties to spe- emerge beyond constraints, due to a desire often start small. In 1867, a French gardener,
cific requirements. Only a material with variable for something new and distinctive, including in Joseph Monier, applied for a patent for “ferrous
components can do this. Concrete’s desired architecture. Out of creativity originality some- concrete”, which he had developed out of iron
physical properties can now be extremely pre- times develops, in a positive and in a negative and concrete to make plant tubs with. This per-
cisely specified and implemented. Research is sense. Really good new solutions are usually haps banal form and usage was the beginning
so advanced that different requirements can be based on attempts to solve real problems, such of the revolutionary invention of reinforced
met by one structural component, one made of as how to build a 43.30 metre self-supporting concrete, out of which today’s steel-reinforced
functionally graded concrete, for example. Its dome without modern steel, one like the Pan- concrete developed. It improved concrete’s
properties can be continuously adjusted in all theon in Rome. performance enormously and made it possible
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