Modern Chemistry: Student Edition 2012 PDF
Preview Modern Chemistry: Student Edition 2012
AUTHORS Mickey Sarquis Jerry L. Sarquis, Ph.D. Professor and Director, Center for Professor Chemistry Education Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biochemistry Miami University Miami University Middletown, OH Middletown, OH CCoovveerr PPhhoottoo CCrreeddiittss:: SSaalltt ccrryyssttaall ©©DDrr.. JJeerreemmyy BBuurrggeessss//PPhhoottoo RReesseeaarrcchheerrss,, IInncc..;; BBuunnsseenn bbuurrnneerr ffllaammee ©©MMaarrttyynn FF.. 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RReessaallee ooff eexxaammiinnaattiioonn ccooppiieess iiss ssttrriiccttllyy pprroohhiibbiitteedd.. PPoosssseessssiioonn ooff tthhiiss ppuubblliiccaattiioonn iinn pprriinntt ffoorrmmaatt ddooeess nnoott eennttiittllee uusseerrss ttoo ccoonnvveerrtt tthhiiss ppuubblliiccaattiioonn,, oorr aannyy ppoorrttiioonn ooff iitt,, iinnttoo eelleeccttrroonniicc ffoorrmmaatt.. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contributing Writers Sonal S.D. Blumenthal, Ph.D. Daniel B. Murphy, Ph.D. Lisa Saunders Baugh, Ph.D. Life Science Consultant Professor Emeritus of Chemistry Austin, Texas Department of Chemistry Senior Chemist Herbert H. Lehman College Chemical Sciences Laboratory G. Lynn Carlson, Ph.D. City University of New York ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Bronx, New York Company Senior Lecturer Emeritus Corporate Strategic Research Department of Chemistry R. Thomas Myers, Ph.D. Annandale, New Jersey University of Wisconsin—Parkside Kenosha, Wisconsin Professor Emeritus of Chemistry Robert Davisson Kent State University Science Writer Scott A. Darveau, Ph.D. Kent, Ohio Albuquerque, New Mexico Associate Professor Keith B. Oldham, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry Seth Madej University of Nebraska at Kearney Professor of Chemistry Kearney, Nebraska Trent University Writer/Producer Peterborough, Ontario, Canada Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Cassandra T. Eagle, Ph.D. Jim Metzner Professor of Chemistry Brian L. Pagenkopf, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry Assistant Professor Executive Producer Appalachian State University Department of Chemistry Pulse of the Planet Radio Series Boone, North Carolina and Biochemistry Jim Metzner Productions, Inc. University of Texas at Austin Accord, New York Linda Gaul, Ph.D., M.P.H. Austin, Texas Jay A. Young, Ph.D. Epidemiologist Stanford Peppenhorst, Ed.D. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Chemical Safety Consultant and Surveillance Chemistry Teacher Silver Spring, Maryland Department of State Health Services Germantown High School Austin, Texas Germantown, Tennessee Inclusion Specialists Joan Altobelli Pamela Gollhofer Charles Scaife, Ph.D. Special Education Director Science Teacher Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus Austin Independent School District Princeton High School Union College Austin, Texas Cincinnati, Ohio Schenectady, New York John A. Solorio Hima Joshi, Ph.D. Peter Sheridan, Ph.D. Multiple Technologies Lab Facilitator Department of Chemistry Professor Austin Independent School District University of San Diego Department of Chemistry Austin, Texas San Diego, California and Biochemistry Colgate University Reviewers Doris Ingram Lewis, Ph.D. Hamilton, New York Professor of Chemistry Eric V. Anslyn, Ph.D. Larry Stookey, P.E. Suffolk University Professor Boston, Massachusetts Physics and Chemistry Teacher Department of Chemistry Antigo High School and Biochemistry Gary E. Mueller, Ph.D. Antigo, Wisconsin University of Texas at Austin Associate Professor Austin, Texas David C. Taylor, Ph.D. Department of Nuclear Engineering George F. Atkinson, Ph.D. University of Missouri Professor of Chemistry Rolla Rolla, Missouri Department of Chemistry Professor of Chemistry Slippery Rock University Department of Chemistry Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Acknowledgments iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, continued Richard S. Treptow, Ph.D. Joseph E. Vitt, Ph.D. David Wilson, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry Associate Professor Professor Emeritus Department of Chemistry and Physics Chemistry Department Chemistry Department Chicago State University University of South Dakota Vanderbilt University Chicago, Illinois Vermillion, South Dakota Nashville, Tennessee Barry Tucker Verne Weidler, Ph.D. Candace Woodside Chemistry Teacher Professor of Chemistry, Retired Science Teacher Colerain High School Science and Engineering Winton Woods High School Cincinnati, Ohio Black Hawk College Forest Park, Ohio Kewanee, Illinois Martin Van Dyke, Ph.D. Charles M. Wynn, Sr., Ph.D. Chemistry Professor, Emeritus Dale Wheeler, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry Front Range Community College Associate Professor of Chemistry Department of Physical Sciences Westminster, Colorado A. R. Smith Department of Chemistry Eastern Connecticut State University Appalachian State University Willimantic, Connecticut Boone, North Carolina iv Acknowledgments N R D E O M Holt McDougal S T RY M I H E C Yes, it’s educational. No, it’s not boring. HOLT McDOUGAL Student One-Stop 1426744 Student One-Stop Online Chemistry Textbook With this convenient DVD, you You can access all program Explore the world around you can carry your textbook in resources at HMDScience.com. with pages of colorful photos, your pocket, along with print- In addition to your textbook, helpful illustrations, detailed able copies of the interactive you'll find enhanced analysis Sample Problems, and hands- reader, labs, and study work- tools, interesting Web links, on activities using everyday sheets. Enjoy animations, and exciting review games. Get materials. Learn how chemistry virtual experiences, and your hands on interactive concepts are connected to more—without the need to simulations, animations, videos, your everyday life. carry a heavy textbook. and a variety of lab activities. online Chemistry v HMDScience.com m i s t r y O n l i n e C h e Premium Content Chemistry HMDScience.com Bring chemistry to life through animations. es g a m etty I G disc/ o ot h P © Premium Content b) learn it! Video ges; ( a m HMDScience.com etty I G Solve it! Cards es/ g a m HMDScience.com eri pit u Strengthen your as/J at problem-solving skills in Cre © two ways: bl) ( • Videos with tips • Printable skills cards Premium Content interactive Review Review Games HMDScience.com Concept Maps vi m M D S c i e n c e . c o H Premium Content Why it Matters Video HMDScience.com Explore engaging application-focused videos. Look for links throughout your book! 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Forensics labs Investigate practical applications of chemistry, such as crime scene analysis. vii Sample problemS and math tutorS CHAPTER 1 Matter and Change CHAPTER 7 CheMiCal ForMulas and CheMiCal CoMpounds Math Tutor Converting SI Units 21 Sample Problems CHAPTER 2 MeasureMents and CalCulations A Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds 211 Sample Problems B Naming Ionic Compounds 213 A Density 37 C Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds 215 B Conversion Factors 39 D Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 217 C Percentage Error 43 E Oxidation Numbers 221 D Significant Figures 45 F Formula Mass 226 E Significant Figures 57 G Molar Mass 227 F Solving Problems Using the Four-Step Approach 52 H Molar Mass as a Conversion Factor 228 Math Tutor Scientific Notation 56 I Molar Mass as a Conversion Factor 229 J Percentage Composition 231 CHAPTER 3 atoMs: the Building BloCKs oF Matter K Percentage Composition 231 Sample Problems L Empirical Formulas 234 A Subatomic Particles 75 M Empirical Formulas 235 B Gram/Mole Conversions 80 N Molecular Formulas 236 C Gram/Mole Conversions 81 Math Tutor Calculating Percentage Composition 238 D Conversions with Avogadro’s Number 82 CHAPTER 8 CheMiCal equations and reaCtions E Conversions with Avogadro’s Number 82 Sample Problems Math Tutor Conversion Factors 84 A Writing Word, Formula, and Balanced Chemical Equations 253 CHAPTER 4 arrangeMent oF eleCtrons in atoMs B Writing Word, Formula, and Balanced Chemical Equations 254 Sample Problems C Writing Word, Formula, and Balanced Chemical Equations 258 A Electron Configurations 107 D Balancing Chemical Equations 259 B Electron Configurations 114 E Balancing Chemical Equations 259 C Electron Configurations 116 F Activity Series 272 Math Tutor Weighted Averages and Atomic Mass 117 Math Tutor Balancing Chemical Equations 275 CHAPTER 5 the periodiC law CHAPTER 9 stoiChioMetry Sample Problems Sample Problems A The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations 135 A Stoichiometric Calculations Using Mole Ratios 289 B The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations 138 B Stoichiometric Calculations Using Mole Ratios 290 C The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations 140 C Stoichiometric Calculations Using Mole Ratios 291 D The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations 140 D Stoichiometric Calculations Using Mole Ratios 293 E Atomic Radius 144 E Stoichiometric Calculations Using Mole Ratios 294 F Periodic Trends in Ionization Energy 148 F Limiting Reactant 297 G Periodic Trends in Electronegativity 154 G Limiting Reactant 298 Math Tutor Writing Electron Configurations 157 H Percentage Yield 301 Math Tutor Using Mole Ratios 303 CHAPTER 6 CheMiCal Bonding CHAPTER 10 states oF Matter Sample Problems A Classifying Bonds 167 Sample Problems B Electron-Dot Notation 174 A Using Molar Enthalpy of Vaporization 335 C Lewis Structures 175 Math Tutor Calculations Using Enthalpies of Fusion 334 D Lewis Structures 178 E VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry 188 F VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry 191 Math Tutor Drawing Lewis Structures 204 xviii Contents CHAPTER 11 gases CHAPTER 16 reaCtion energy Sample Problems Sample Problems A Converting Between Units of Pressure 345 A Specific Heat 503 B Calculating Partial Pressures 347 B Enthalpy of Reaction 511 C Using Boyle’s Law 350 C Enthalpy of Formation 514 D Using Charles’s Law 352 D Calculating Free-Energy Change 520 E Using Gay-Lussac’s Law 353 Math Tutor Hess’s Law 521 F Using the Combined Gas Law 355 CHAPTER 17 reaCtion KinetiCs G Calculating with Avogadro’s Law 361 H Gas Stoichiometry 362 Sample Problems I The Ideal Gas Law 365 A Energy Diagrams 534 J Graham’s Law of Effusion 365 B Determining Rate Law and Rate Constant 542 Math Tutor Algebraic Rearrangements of Gas Laws 369 C Determining Rate Law and Rate Constant 543 D Determining Rate-Determining Step and Rate Law 545 CHAPTER 12 solutions E Determining Effects on Reaction Rate 545 Sample Problems Math Tutor Writing Rate Laws 548 A Calculating with Molarity 398 CHAPTER 18 CheMiCal equiliBriuM B Calculating with Molarity 398 C Calculating with Molarity 399 Sample Problems D Calculating with Molality 401 A Equilibrium Constant 560 E Calculating with Molality 402 B Solubility Product Constant 582 Math Tutor Calculating Solution Concentration 403 C Calculating Solubility 583 D Precipitation Calculations 585 CHAPTER 13 ions in aqueous solutions Math Tutor Determining Equilibrium Constants 587 and Colligative properties Sample Problems CHAPTER 19 oXidation-reduCtion reaCtions A Calculating Moles of Dissolved Ions 412 Sample Problems B Writing Net Ionic Equations 416 A Balancing Equations for Redox Reactions 603 C Calculating Freezing-Point Depression 425 Math Tutor Balancing Redox Equations 610 D Calculating Molal Concentration 425 CHAPTER 20 eleCtroCheMistry E Calculating Boiling-Point Elevation 427 F Freezing-Point Depression of Electrolytes 430 Sample Problems Math Tutor Boiling and Freezing Points of Solutions 433 A Calculating Cell Potentials 627 Math Tutor Calculating Cell Potentials 634 CHAPTER 14 aCids and Bases CHAPTER 21 nuClear CheMistry Math Tutor Writing Equations for Ionic Reactions 464 Sample Problems CHAPTER 15 aCid-Base titration and ph A Balancing Nuclear Reactions 646 Sample Problems B Calculating with Half-Life 650 A Calculating Hydronium and Hydroxide Concentrations 474 Math Tutor Calculating With Half-Life 662 B Calculating pH 477 C Calculating pH 478 CHAPTER 22 organiC CheMistry D Calculating Hydronium Concentration Using pH 479 Sample Problems E Calculating Hydronium and Hydroxide Concentrations 480 A Naming Alkanes 679 F Calculating the Molarity of an Acid Solution 492 B Naming Alkenes 684 Math Tutor Using Logarithms and pH 494 Math Tutor Calculating Empirical Formulas 698 CHAPTER 23 BiologiCal CheMistry Math Tutor Interpretation of the Genetic Code 732 Contents xix Feature artICleS Chapter Chapter 2 Classical Ideas About Matter 41 1 Superconductors 18 3 Discovery of Element 43 77 2 Models in Chemistry 34 4 The Noble Decade 108 4 Fireflies 96 9 The Case of Combustion 286 6 Ultrasonic Toxic-Waste Destroyer 170 11 Chemistry’s First Law 356 7 Mass Spectrometry: Identifying Molecules 224 13 The Riddle of Electrolysis 420 8 Carbon Monoxide Catalyst 261 18 Fixing the Nitrogen Problem 562 Fluoridation and Tooth Decay 269 21 An Unexpected Finding 660 Combustion Synthesis 274 22 The Beginnings of Organic Chemistry 673 10 Surface Melting 328 23 Charles Drew and Blood Transfusions 718 11 The Gas Laws and Scuba Diving 348 Automobile Air Bags 360 13 Water Purification by Reverse Osmosis 429 16 Self-Heating Meals 515 Diamonds Are Forever? 519 17 Explosives 540 Chapter Catalytic Converters 547 1 Secrets of the Cremona Violins 15 19 Photochromic Lenses 598 12 Artificial Blood 395 Skunk-Spray Remedy 600 14 Acid Water—A Hidden Menace 451 20 Fuel-Cell Cars 628 It’s a Bitter Pill 458 Sodium Production by Electrolysis 671 15 Liming Streams 482 22 Carbon Allotropes 683 18 Blood Buffers 575 21 Quarks 642 Chapter 2 Density of Pennies 37 Chapter 3 Constructing a Model 67 3 Physical Chemist 66 4 The Wave Nature of Light: Interference 100 5 Materials Scientist 137 5 Designing Your Own Periodic Table 129 6 Computational Chemist 194 8 Balancing Equations Using Models 270 7 Pharmacist 210 9 Limiting Reactants in a Recipe 300 9 Chemical Technician 284 11 Diffusion 367 12 Environmental Chemist 386 12 Observing Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids 383 15 Analytical Chemist 488 14 Household Acids and Bases 446 22 Petroleum Engineer 678 15 Testing the pH of Rainwater 486 23 Forensic Chemist 730 17 Factors Influencing Reaction Rate 546 19 Redox Reactions 608 xx Contents
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