Modern Biology PDF
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Modern Biology ® Study Guide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Teachers using MODERN BIOLOGY may photocopy blackline masters in complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale. HOLT, MODERN BIOLOGY, and the “Owl Design” are trademarks licensed to Holt, Rinehart and Winston, registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-03-036718-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 862 08 07 06 05 04 About the Modern Biology Study Guide The Section Review worksheets can be used in a number of ways to guide you through your textbook: as a pre-reading guide to each section, as a review of the chapter’s main concepts after you read each section, or even as test preparation for your biology exams. No matter how your teacher chooses to use these worksheets, the Modern Biology Study Guide will help you succeed in your study of biology. In each Section Review worksheet, you will encounter four types of exercises: Vocabulary Review exercises help you to review important terms in each section. Multiple Choice questions test your understanding of important concepts and terms introduced in each section. Short Answer (with Critical Thinking) questions help you to synthesize and write your own conclusions using information in the section. Structures and Functions questions provide opportunities to label major structures and processes or to interpret data or figures in order to examine the section material in a larger context. CONTENTS Chapter 1: The Science of Life Section 1-1 Review The World of Biology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Section 1-2 Review Themes in Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Section 1-3 Review The Study of Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Section 1-4 Review Tools and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Section 2-1 Review Composition of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Section 2-2 Review Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Section 2-3 Review Water and Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter 3: Biochemistry Section 3-1 Review Carbon Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Section 3-2 Review Molecules of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function Section 4-1 Review The History of Cell Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Section 4-2 Review Introduction to Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Section 4-3 Review Cell Organelles and Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Section 4-4 Review Unique Features of Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Chapter 5: Homeostasis and Cell Transport Section 5-1 Review Passive Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Section 5-2 Review Active Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Chapter 6: Photosynthesis Section 6-1 Review The Light Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Section 6-2 Review The Calvin Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration Section 7-1 Review Glycolysis and Fermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Section 7-2 Review Aerobic Respiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Chapter 8: Cell Reproduction Section 8-1 Review Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Section 8-2 Review Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Section 8-3 Review Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Genetics Section 9-1 Review Mendel’s Legacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Section 9-2 Review Genetic Crosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 iii Modern Biology Study Guide Chapter 10: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Section 10-1 Review Discovery of DNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Section 10-2 Review DNA Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Section 10-3 Review DNA Replication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Section 10-4 Review Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Chapter 11: Gene Expression Section 11-1 Review Control of Gene Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Section 11-2 Review Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Chapter 12: Inheritance Patterns and Human Genetics Section 12-1 Review Chromosomes and Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Section 12-2 Review Human Genetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Chapter 13: Gene Technology Section 13-1 Review DNA Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Section 13-2 Review The Human Genome Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Section 13-3 Review Genetic Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Chapter 14: History of Life Section 14-1 Review Biogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Section 14-2 Review Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Section 14-3 Review The First Life-Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Chapter 15: Theory of Evolution Section 15-1 Review History of Evolutionary Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Section 15-2 Review Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Section 15-3 Review Evolution in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Chapter 16: Population Genetics and Speciation Section 16-1 Review Genetic Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Section 16-2 Review Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Section 16-3 Review Formation of Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Chapter 17: Classification of Organisms Section 17-1 Review Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Section 17-2 Review Systematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Section 17-3 Review Modern Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Chapter 18: Introduction to Ecology Section 18-1 Review Introduction to Ecology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Section 18-2 Review Ecology of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Section 18-3 Review Energy Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Section 18-4 Review Ecosystem Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 iv Modern Biology Study Guide Chapter 19: Populations Section 19-1 Review Understanding Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Section 19-2 Review Measuring Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Section 19-3 Review Human Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Chapter 20: Community Ecology Section 20-1 Review Species Interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Section 20-2 Review Patterns in Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Chapter 21: Ecosystems Section 21-1 Review Terrestrial Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Section 21-2 Review Aquatic Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Chapter 22: Humans and the Environment Section 22-1 Review An Interconnected Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Section 22-2 Review Environmental Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Section 22-3 Review Environmental Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Chapter 23: Bacteria Section 23-1 Review Prokaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Section 23-2 Review Biology of Prokaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Section 23-3 Review Bacteria and Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chapter 24: Viruses Section 24-1 Review Viral Structure and Replication. . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Section 24-2 Review Viral Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Chapter 25: Protists Section 25-1 Review Characteristics of Protists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Section 25-2 Review Animal-like Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Section 25-3 Review Plantlike and Funguslike Protists . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Section 25-4 Review Protists and Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Chapter 26: Fungi Section 26-1 Review Overview of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Section 26-2 Review Classification of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Section 26-3 Review Fungi and Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Chapter 27: The Importance of Plants Section 27-1 Review Plants and People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Section 27-2 Review Plants and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Chapter 28: Plant Evolution and Classification Section 28-1 Review Overview of Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Section 28-2 Review Nonvascular Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Section 28-3 Review Vascular Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 v Modern Biology Study Guide Chapter 29: Plant Structure and Function Section 29-1 Review Plant Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Section 29-2 Review Roots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Section 29-3 Review Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Section 29-4 Review Leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Chapter 30: Plant Reproduction Section 30-1 Review Plant Life Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Section 30-2 Review Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants. . . . . 167 Section 30-3 Review Dispersal and Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Chapter 31: Plant Responses Section 31-1 Review Plant Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Section 31-2 Review Plant Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Section 31-3 Review Seasonal Responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Chapter 32: Introduction to Animals Section 32-1 Review The Nature of Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Section 32-2 Review Invertebrates and Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Section 32-3 Review Fertilization and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Chapter 33: Sponges, Cnidarians, and Ctenophores Section 33-1 Review Porifera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Section 33-2 Review Cnidaria and Ctenophora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Chapter 34: Flatworms, Roundworms, and Rotifers Section 34-1 Review Platyhelminthes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Section 34-2 Review Nematoda and Rotifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Chapter 35: Mollusks and Annelids Section 35-1 Review Mollusca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Section 35-2 Review Annelida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter 36: Arthropods Section 36-1 Review Phylum Arthropoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Section 36-2 Review Subphylum Crustacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Section 36-3 Review Subphyla Chelicerata and Myriapoda . . . . . . . 199 Chapter 37: Insects Section 37-1 Review The Insect World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Section 37-2 Review Insect Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Chapter 38: Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Section 38-1 Review Echinoderms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Section 38-2 Review Invertebrate Chordates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 vi Modern Biology Study Guide Chapter 39: Fishes Section 39-1 Review Introduction to Vertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Section 39-2 Review Jawless and Cartilaginous Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Section 39-3 Review Bony Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Chapter 40: Amphibians Section 40-1 Review Origin and Evolution of Amphibians . . . . . . . . 215 Section 40-2 Review Characteristics of Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Section 40-3 Review Reproduction in Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Chapter 41: Reptiles Section 41-1 Review Origin and Evolution of Reptiles. . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Section 41-2 Review Characteristics of Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Section 41-3 Review Modern Reptiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Chapter 42: Birds Section 42-1 Review Origin and Evolution of Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Section 42-2 Review Characteristics of Birds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Section 42-3 Review Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Chapter 43: Mammals Section 43-1 Review Origin and Evolution of Mammals . . . . . . . . . . 233 Section 43-2 Review Characteristics of Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Section 43-3 Review Diversity of Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Section 43-4 Review Primates and Human Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Chapter 44: Animal Behavior Section 44-1 Review Development of Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Section 44-2 Review Types of Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Chapter 45: Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems Section 45-1 Review The Human Body Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Section 45-2 Review Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Section 45-3 Review Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Section 45-4 Review Integumentary System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Chapter 46: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Section 46-1 Review The Circulatory System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Section 46-2 Review Blood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Section 46-3 Review The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Chapter 47: The Body’s Defense Systems Section 47-1 Review Nonspecific Defenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Section 47-2 Review Specific Defenses: The Immune System . . . . . . 261 Section 47-3 Review HIV and AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 vii Modern Biology Study Guide Chapter 48: Digestive and Excretory Systems Section 48-1 Review Nutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Section 48-2 Review Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Section 48-3 Review Urinary System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Chapter 49: Nervous System and Sense Organs Section 49-1 Review Neurons and Nerve Impulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Section 49-2 Review Structure of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Section 49-3 Review Sensory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Section 49-4 Review Drugs and the Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Chapter 50: Endocrine System Section 50-1 Review Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Section 50-2 Review Endocrine Glands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Chapter 51: Reproductive System Section 51-1 Review Male Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Section 51-2 Review Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Section 51-3 Review Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 viii Modern Biology Study Guide 1 Modern Biology Study Guide SECTION 1-1 REVIEW THE WORLD OF BIOLOGY VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. development 2. reproduction 3. organ 4. tissue MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. Biology is the study of a. animals. b. plants and animals. 2. A short segment of DNA that contains instructions for the development of a single trait of an organism is known as a a. DNA loop. b. gene. c. library. d. membrane. 3. As the cells in a multicellular organism multiply, they become specialized for different functions in a process called a. sexual reproduction. b. descent with modification. 4. Homeostasis refers to the a. organization of cellular structures. b. stable level of internal conditions in organisms. c. organized structure of crystals. d. destruction of tropical rain forests. 5. Photosynthesis is part of a plant’s a. metabolism. c. development. b. homeostasis. d. response to stimuli. c. photosynthesis. d. cell differentiation. c. all living things. d. energy transfer. Name Class Date Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Explain why the cell is called the basic unit of life. 2. Give a specific example of homeostasis. 3. Why is it important to study biology? 4. Contrast the reproduction of bacteria with that of frogs. 5. Critical Thinking The organization of a rock is much simpler than that of living things. By what other criteria can a rock be distinguished from living things? STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Explain how the drawing below illustrates the characteristics of life. 2 Section 1-1 Review Name Class Date Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3 Modern Biology Study Guide SECTION 1-2 REVIEW THEMES IN BIOLOGY VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following groups of terms. 1. domain, kingdom 2. diversity of life, unity of life 3. adaptations, evolution 4. ecosystem, ecology MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. A “tree of life” explains a. how organisms are related to each other. b. how organisms differ from each other. c. the lineages of various organisms. d. All of the above 2. Which of the following is NOT an important unifying theme in biology? a. the diversity and unity of life b. the relationship between organisms and society c. the interdependence of living organisms d. the evolution of life 3. An example of a domain is a. Animalia. b. Protista. c. Fungi. d. Eukarya. 4. A trait that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce is a(n) a. mutation. b. natural selection c. adaptation. d. domain. 5. Which of the following statements is true? a. Destruction of rain forests has no effect on living things. b. Destruction of rain forests increases the rate of evolution of rainforest organisms. c. Humans have had no impact on the world’s environment. d. Humans have had a large impact on the world’s environment. Name Class Date Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Give an example of how two organisms are interdependent. 2. Why must an adaptation be inheritable if it is to cause a population to evolve? 3. What is natural selection? 4. If two organisms share the same kingdom, must they also share the same domain? Explain. 5. Critical Thinking A female frog has a genetic trait that prevents it from producing eggs. How likely is it that this trait will spread through the frog population? Explain your answer. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Briefly describe the interactions among the panther, the deer, and the grass in the drawing below. 4 Section 1-2 Review Name Class Date Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 5 Modern Biology Study Guide SECTION 1-3 REVIEW THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. prediction 2. control group 3. dependent variable 4. independent variable 5. theory MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. A field biologist who studies the behavior of birds in a rain forest most likely collects data through a. experimenting. b. modeling. c. observing. d. inferring. 2. Constructing a graph is an example of a. measuring. b. organizing data. c. observing. d. predicting. 3. Of the following steps in a scientific investigation, the last to be done is usually a. experimenting. b. observing. 4. A statement that explains observations and can be tested is called a. a hypothesis. b. an inference. c. a theory. d. a model. 5. A visual, verbal, or mathematical explanation that is supported by data is called a. a hypothesis. b. an inference. c. a theory. d. a model. c. producing a model. d. hypothesizing. Name Class Date Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. What are quantitative data? Give two examples of quantitative data. 2. What is an advantage of a peer review of a scientific paper? 3. How are a hypothesis, a prediction, and an experiment related? 4. What are some of the things scientists might do to analyze data? 5. Critical Thinking A scientist wanted to study the effect of a drug on the blood pressure of rats. She set up an experiment in which the experimental group consisted of rats that were injected with a salt solution containing the drug. What should the control group have consisted of? What were the dependent and independent variables in her experiment? STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Examine the drawing of the owl. In each space below, provide an observation that would support the inference given or provide an inference that could be derived from the observation given. Observations Inferences Owls live in trees. Owls feed on mice. Owls kill prey with their talons. The owl has wings. Both of the owl’s eyes face forward. It is night. 6 Section 1-3 Review Name Class Date Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 7 Modern Biology Study Guide SECTION 1-4 REVIEW TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES VOCABULARY REVIEW Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groups, and briefly explain why it does not belong. 1. compound light, transmission electron, light electron, scanning electron 2. base unit, stage, nosepiece, objective lens 3. magnification, power of magnification, resolution, mass density 4. second, minute, meter, kilogram 5. meter, square meter, cubic meter, kilogram per cubic meter MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The ability of a microscope to show details clearly is called a. enlargement. b. magnification. c. reduction. d. resolution. 2. One limitation of the scanning electron microscope is that it cannot be used to a. examine specimens smaller than cells. b. view living specimens. c. produce an enlarged image of a specimen. d. produce an image of the surface of a specimen. 3. A microscope with a 10× ocular lens and a 25× objective lens has a total power of magnifi- cation equal to a. 2.5×. b. 35×. c. 250×. d. 2,500×. 4. The SI base unit for time is the a. second. b. minute. c. hour. d. day. 5. The SI prefix that represents 1,000 times the base unit is a. deci. b. centi. c. kilo. d. micro. Name Class Date Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
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