Modern Armor

54 Pages·2007·4.75 MB·English

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M-60 Tank
The M-60 tank entered production in 1959 as an stopgap production to bridge the gap between the M-48 Patton tank
to the ill fated ‘MBT –70’ replacement tank ,which itself was a replacement for the 152mm Gun/missile ‘MBT programe’.
The design of the M-60 was deliberately developed out of the M-48 tank to speed up entry into service and streamline
logistics with existing tank stocks.The M-60 featured a new cast chassie to house the diesel engine and mounted the M-
48 turret modified with hydraulic stabilized turret controls and a british 105mm gun firing APDS [M392] ; HEAT and
HEP ammunition.About 2200 of the initial production M-60 where produce into the mid 1960s when the improved M-
60A1 entered production with almost 8000 being produced through 1978.
The improved M-60A1 retained the M-60 chassie but with a thicker glacis casting. Meanwhile a new turret was
developed carring more ammunition and much thicker front casting. Through the 1970s additional features were added
like image intensifying night sight and better ammo [M-726 APDS] . In light of vulnerability revealed in the 1973 Arab
Israeli war, the high pressure hydraulic lines were modified with a much less flammable oil and plans were drawn up
for an spaced steel appliqué to be added in the frontal arc of tank. These plans were shelfed to focus more on the
Abrams tank replacement program, but in 1988 the remaining frontline M-60 tanks received the Israeli Blazer ERA
appliqué which had made such an impression in the 1982 war in Lebanon.
In the late 1970s about 1700 new improved model M-60A3 entered production and another 3700 M-60A3 were rebuilt
from exsisting M-60A1 stocks.This model featured improved quality cast turret with a thermal sight and digital FCS ,
firing new M-735 APFSDS ammo which gave way to the M-744 [DUAPFSDS] in the mid 1980s and the M-833 [DU
APFSDS] by the end of the decade. The M-60 tank gun breech was apparently never strengthed to fire the 105mm M-
900 [DUAPFSDS] round and was sent to the 1991 gulf war equipped only with the M-833 DUAPFSDS round.
Over the decades atleast 7000 M-60 [ mid 1990s] have gone abroad usually under military assistance programs, here
are some details. About 1550 x M-60A1 were sold to the Israelis in the 1970s and 1980s along with 200 to the Italians
and 750 x M-60A3 to Egypt plus 400 to Saudi Arabia in the 1980s. After the M-1 tank entered USArmy service, the M-
60A3 tanks where slowly phased out of the front lines , originally to the national guard units in the 1980s and 1990s.
When these National Guard M-60 tanks were made surplus by M-1 [which became redundant with the new build M-
1A1HA], they where in turn sold abroad ‘on the cheap’ to Egypt [700] Greece [650] Jordan [220] ,Taiwan [160] and
Turkey [950].
M -60 estimated armor
The Russian “Main Battle Tank” book reports the glacis is 120mm thick set back at 64°[ LOS ~ 274mm] and the front
turret wall is reported to be 180mm thick . However another sources indicate the glacis thickness to be 110 @ 64°
[251mm LOS]. Still another source reports
“A GDLS quality control worker reported the front armor changed from M60 to M60A1
from approx 93mm (M60) to 109mm(M60A1>) at approx 65 degrees, that is on the
upper glacis plate. The lower remained basically the same for the whole series. from
approx 143mm down to approx 85 mm at approx 55 degrees.”
In addition the glacis and the turret may only be 240 BHN cast armor .Its been reported [R Griest] the M-60A1/3 turret
casting was changed from 240 BHN to 270-280 BHN in the mid 70s[?] , also due to results from the 1973 Arab Israeli
War . Cutaway drawings indicate the front turret armor to be quite thick with M-60 tankers noting the thickness at the
base of the front turret cast armor about ~1 foot thick. A engineer who worked on the tank reported the thickness
through the front around the mantle to be 43-64cm including a healthy air gap, with an inner “ballistic blanket” . This
may form a unintentional ‘spaced armor' covering about ½ of the front turret profile, however if nothing else should
act as a very effective ‘anti spall’ liner .
Rolf Hilmes list the armor thickness on the M-60A1 to be …..
Glacis 109mm cast @ 65°= 256mm LOS
Lower hull 110-143mm cast @ 55° = 193-250mm LOS
Front turret 127mm cast @ 52 x 35°= 256mm LOS
Mantle estimated 18cm cast + 4cm cast @ 40° = 27.5cm LOS
Side turret 110 cast @ 10 x 30° = 138mm LOS
Rear turret 58mm cast @ 30° with a = 66mm LOS
Side hull 48-53mm cast @ 20°=
Rear Hull estimated @ 4cm RHA
Top turret 23mm Cast [estimated 7cm @ 80° front ½ ]
Top Hull estimated 2cm RHA
Hull floor estimated 2cm cast rear and 4cm front
------------------------------------------------ M-60
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Mantle [1/3 Front Turret] 18cm + 4cm cast mantle @ 30° , with a LOS of 208mm 240 BHN .+ mantle .
That’s 0.9 [cast/hardness] x 0.58/0.67/0.67/0.65 [t/d ; L/c & flaw] .+ 4.4/5.4/7.3
Vs 122mm APC = 16.6cm LOS or 14.4cm @ 30°
Vs 100mm APC & APDS = 17.8cm LOS or 15.5cm @ 30°
Vs & APDS = 18cm LOS or 15.5cm @ 30°
Vs APFSDS = 18.5cm LOS or 16cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 24cm LOS OR 21cm @ 30° + 0.6d
Middle Turret [1/3 Front Turret] Estimated ~ 5 2/3 inches cast @ 50° , with a LOS of 224mm 240
BHN , that’s 0.9[cast/hardness] x 0.93/0.91/0.90/0.84 [t/d & L/c /flaw ] .
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 16.6cm LOS or 11.6cm @ 45°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 17.8cm LOS or 12.4cm @ 45°
Vs APDS = 18.0 cm LOS or 12.6cm @ 45°
Vs APFSDS = 18.4cm LOS or 12.9cm @ 45°
Vs HEAT = 21cm LOS OR 14.9cm @ 45°
Corner Turret [1/3 Front Turret] Estimated 11cm cast @ 60° , with a LOS of 220mm 240 BHN ,
that’s 0.9[cast/hardness] x 0.93/0.91/0.89/0.84/0.79[t/d; Lc & flaw ] 0.855
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 16cm LOS or 8cm @ 60°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 17cm LOS or 8.5cm @ 60°
Vs APDS = 17.9cm LOS or 8.9cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS = 18.3cm LOS or 9.1cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 20.5cm LOS OR 10.2cm @ 60°
Side Turret
Range from 11 cm 240 BHN cast @ 30° in the front quarter [127mm LOS] , that’s 0.9
[cast/hardness] x 0.93/0.91/0.89/0.84/0.79[t/d; Lc & flaw ] to 76mm cast @ 30 x 20° , in the rear half , with a LOS
of 94mm 240 BHN , that’s 0.79/0.77[flaw/cast/hardness] x0.98//0.96/0.87 [t/d]
Front side ¼ Rear side ¾
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 8.4cm LOS or 7.3cm @ 30° = 6.3cm LOS or 5.5cm @ 30°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 9.1cm LOS or 7.8cm @ 30° = 6.5cm LOS or 5.6cm @ 30°
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS = 10.4cm LOS OR 9.0cm @ 30° = 8.1cm LOS OR 7.0cm @ 30°
Vs HMG/30mm APFSDS = 10.6cm LOS OR 9.2cm @ 30° = 8.3cm LOS OR 7.2cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 12cm LOS OR 10.4cm @ 30° = 8.9 cm LOS OR 7.7cm @ 30°
Rear Turret
51mm cast @ 30 x 30° with a LOS of = 68mm 240 BHN = 0.9 [cast/hardness]x 0.96 / 0.96/ 0.69
[t/d & flaw]
Vs 76/85mm APC = 4.2cm LOS or 3.7cm @ 30°
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS = 5.8cm LOS OR 5.1cm @ 30°
Vs HMG/30mm APFSDS =5.3cm LOS OR 4.5cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 6.5cm LOS OR 5.6cm @ 30° + 1.0d [storage racks]
Glacis 93mm @ 65 ° cast , with a LOS of 218mm x 0.9 [cast/hardness] x0.92/0.9/ 0.78/ 0.75 [flaw/t/d]
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 14.7cm LOS OR 7.4cm @ 60° ** ¼ ricochet @ muzzle ; ½ @ 1km & ¾ @ 2km **
Vs 85-100mm APC = 15.3cm LOS OR 7.7cm @ 60° ** ½ ricochet @ muzzle & ¾ @ 1-2km **
Vs APDS = 17.7cm LOS OR 8.9cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS =18cm LOS OR 9cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 21cm LOS OR 10.3 cm @ 60°
Lower Hull 110-143mm cast @ 55° = 193-250mm 206LOS x 0.9 [cast/hardness] x 0.93/0.92/ 0.82/ 0.75 [flaw/t/d]
or 235los 0.96/0.94/ 0.92/ 0.85 [flaw/t/d]
Upper ½ front hull lower ½ front hull
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 18cm LOS OR 9cm @ 60° = 14cm LOS OR 7cm @ 60°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 19.4cm LOS OR 9.7cm @ 60° = 15.2cm LOS OR 7.6cm @ 60°
Vs APDS = 20cm LOS OR 10.0cm @ 60° = 17cm LOS OR 8.5cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS =20.4cm LOS OR 10.2cm @ 60° = 17.2cm LOS OR 8.6cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 22.5cm LOS OR 11.3cm @ 60° = 19.6cm LOS OR 9.8cm @ 60°
Side Hull
48@ 30° -@ 20° with a LOS of 55-58mm 240 BHN that’s 0.9 [cast/hardness]x 0.69 / 0.96/ 0.96 [t/d &
flaw]
Front side ½ Rear side ½
Vs 76/85mm APC = 3.6cm LOS or 3.1cm @ 30° = 3.4cm LOS or 3cm @ 30°
Vs HMG/30mm AP1 = 5.0cm LOS OR 4.3cm @ 30° = 4.7cm LOS OR 4.1cm @ 30°
Vs 30mm APFSDS /APD = 5.0cm LOS OR 4.3cm @ 30° = 4.7cm LOS OR 4.1cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 5.5cm LOS OR 4.8 cm @ 30° = 5.2cm LOS OR 4.5cm @ 30°
Rear Hull
estimated to be 4cm RHA @ 0° = 4.0cm LOS x 0.95 [hardness] x /0.94/0.94 [t/d]
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS APFSDS = 3.4cm LOS OR 3.4cm @ 0°
Vs HMG = 3.6cm LOS OR 3.6cm @ 0°
Vs HEAT = 4.0cm LOS OR 4.0cm @ 0°
Top Top turret 25mm Cast /RHA Top Hull 57mm RHA & all round armor from top.
¼ Front Arc glacis and front turret armor = 10cm@ 60° KE & HEAT
¼ Sides side & rear turret armor and track storage box = 5cm@ 90° KE & HEAT
½ Rear turret top; engine deck and track guard = 2.5cm @ 90° KE & HEAT
Bottom
Hull floor 4cm => 2cm cast & 45 cm standoff [ mines]
` Front floor ½ Rear floor ½
Vs KE = 4cm LOS OR 3.5cm @ 30° = 2cm LOS OR 2cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 4cm + 15/0 OR 19/4cm @ 30° = 1.7cm + 15/0 OR 17/2cm @ 30°
The all round resistance should be 12.7mm HMG API on the hull and 14.5mm API on the turret . This tank should be
resisted all 14.5mm API hits in the ± 90° frontal arc and the turret should resist all 30mm API/APDS hits in a ±90°
frontal arc. The frontal protection is ~ 15cm LOS within a ± 30° frontal arc which is enough to stop all 85L54 APC
[BR-356K] @ 1km range and limit to ¼ penetration at muzzle. However the 85L74 D-44 ATGun [BR 367 ] gets ½
penetration at 1km range, while 100mm APC [BR412D] and 122mm APC [BR472] gets ½ penetrations @ 2km range. The
‘Hull Down’ frontal protection is ~ 16-17cm RHAe from straight on , enough to reduce 85L74 APC [BR 367 ] to ½
penetrations @ ~ 500m range and limit 100mm APC [BR 412D] or 122mm APC [BR-472 ] , to ½ penetrations at ~ 1km
range.
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60A1- -----------------------------------------------
Mantle [¼ Front Turret]
230mm @ 0° + 40mm cast @ 30° , with a LOS of 276mm 240 BHN , that’s 0.9
[cast/hardness] x 0.79/0.78/0.77/0.75 [t/d ; L/c & flaw] . +4.5 /4.1/ 7.3
Vs 122mm APC = 20.0cm LOS or 17.3cm @ 30°
Vs 100mm APC & APDS = 20.0cm LOS or 17.3cm @ 30°
Vs APFSDS = 23.6cm LOS or 20.5cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 26cm LOS OR 23cm @ 30° + 0.6d
Main slopingTurret walls [ ½ Front Turret]
12.7cm cast @ 53 x 35° , with a LOS of 256mm
240 BHN , that’s 0.9[cast/hardness] x 0.93/0.91/0.90/0.84 [t/d & L/c /flaw ] .
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 19.3cm LOS or 9.7cm @ 60°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 20.7cm LOS or 10.3cm @ 60°
Vs APDS = 21.0 cm LOS or 10.5cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS = 21.4cm LOS or 10.7cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 24cm LOS OR 12cm @ 60°
Upper Front Turret [¼ Front Turret]
7 cm cast @ 74° , with a LOS of 254mm 240 BHN , that’s
0.9[cast/hardness] x 0.87/0.81/0.68/0.63[t/d; Lc & flaw ]
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 14.4cm LOS or 3.7cm @ 75° ** all ricochet **
Vs 85-100mm APC = 15.5cm LOS or 4cm @ 75° ** all ricochet **
Vs APDS = 18.5cm LOS or 4.8cm @ 75° ** ½ ricochet @ muzzle & ¾ @ 2-3km **
Vs Steel APFSDS = 20 cm LOS or 5.1 cm @ 75° ** ¼ ricochet @ <1.5km & ½ @ < 1.5km **]
Vs APFSDS = 20 cm LOS or 5.1 cm @ 75°
Vs HEAT = 24cm LOS OR 6.2cm @ 75° ** Most early HEAT warheads ricochet **
Side Turret
ranged from 127 @ 37x35° [front ½ ] to 110mm cast @ 5x 35° , with a LOS of 190mm LOS 240
BHN , 0.9[cast/hardness] x 0.93/0.91/0.90/0.84 [t/d & L/c /flaw ] to 140mm LOSx 0.9[cast/hardness] x
0.98/0.96/0.85/0.8 [t/d /flaw ]
Front ¼ side turret Rear ¾ side turret
Vs 122mm APC = 14.4cm LOS or 12.4cm @ 30° = 10.1cm LOS or 8.7cm @ 30°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 15.4cm LOS or 13.3cm @ 30° = 10.7cm LOS or 9.3cm @ 30°
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS = 15.7cm LOS OR 13.6cm @ 30° = 12.3cm LOS OR 10.7cm @ 30°
Vs HMG/30mm APFSDS = 15.9cm LOS OR 13.8cm @ 30° = 12.6cm LOS OR 11cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 18.0cm LOS OR 15.6cm @ 30° = 13.3cm LOS OR 11.5cm @ 30°
Rear Turret
58mm cast @ 10° with a LOS of = 59mm 240 BHN that’s x 0.9 [cast/hardness] x
0.96/0.92/0.87/0.68/0.63[t/d]
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS = 4.9cm LOS OR 4.9cm @ 0°
Vs HMG/30mm APFSDS =5.1cm LOS OR 5.1cm @ 0°
Vs HEAT = 5.6cm LOS OR 5.6cm @ 0° + 1.0d [storage racks ]
Glacis 109mm @ 65 ° cast = LOS of 256mm x 0.9 [cast/hardness] x 0.94/0.92/ 0.82/ 0.75 [flaw/t/d]
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 17.3cm LOS OR 8.6cm @ 60° ** ½ ricochet @ 1km & ¾ ricochet @ 2km **
Vs 85-100mm APC = 18.9cm LOS OR 9.4cm @ 60° ** ½ ricochet @ 1km & ¾ ricochet @ 2km **
Vs APDS = 21.2cm LOS OR 10.6cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS =21.7cm LOS OR 10.8cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 24.3cm LOS OR 12.1cm @ 60°
Lower Hull 110-143mm cast @ 55° = 193-250mm 206LOS x 0.9 [cast/hardness] x 0.93/0.92/ 0.82/ 0.75 [flaw/t/d]
or 235los 0.96/0.94/ 0.92/ 0.85 [flaw/t/d]
Upper ½ front hull lower ½ front hull
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 18cm LOS OR 9cm @ 60° = 14cm LOS OR 7cm @ 60°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 19.4cm LOS OR 9.7cm @ 60° = 15.2cm LOS OR 7.6cm @ 60°
Vs APDS = 20cm LOS OR 10.0cm @ 60° = 17cm LOS OR 8.5cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS =20.4cm LOS OR 10.2cm @ 60° = 17.2cm LOS OR 8.6cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 22.5cm LOS OR 11.3cm @ 60° = 19.6cm LOS OR 9.8cm @ 60°
Side Hull
48@ 30° -@ 20° with a LOS of 55-58mm 240 BHN that’s 0.9 [cast/hardness]x 0.69 / 0.96/ 0.96 [t/d &
flaw]
Front side ½ Rear side ½
Vs 76/85mm APC = 3.6cm LOS or 3.1cm @ 30° = 3.4cm LOS or 3cm @ 30°
Vs HMG/30mm AP1 = 5.0cm LOS OR 4.3cm @ 30° = 4.7cm LOS OR 4.1cm @ 30°
Vs 30mm APFSDS /APD = 5.0cm LOS OR 4.3cm @ 30° = 4.7cm LOS OR 4.1cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 5.5cm LOS OR 4.8 cm @ 30° = 5.2cm LOS OR 4.5cm @ 30°
Rear Hull
estimated to be 4cm RHA @ 0° = 4.0cm LOS x 0.95 [hardness] x /0.94/0.94 [t/d]
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS APFSDS = 3.4cm LOS OR 3.4cm @ 0°
Vs HMG = 3.6cm LOS OR 3.6cm @ 0°
Vs HEAT = 4.0cm LOS OR 4.0cm @ 0°
Top Top turret 25mm Cast /RHA Top Hull 57mm RHA & all round armor from top.
¼ Front Arc glacis and front turret armor = 10cm@ 60° KE & HEAT
¼ Sides side & rear turret armor and track storage box = 5cm@ 90° KE & HEAT
½ Rear turret top; engine deck and track guard = 2.5cm @ 90° KE & HEAT
Bottom
Hull floor 4cm => 2cm cast & 45 cm standoff [ mines]
` Front floor ½ Rear floor ½
Vs KE = 4cm LOS OR 3.5cm @ 30° = 2cm LOS OR 2cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 4cm + 15/0 OR 19/4cm @ 30° = 1.7cm + 15/0 OR 17/2cm @ 30°
The all round resistance should be 12.7mm HMG API on the hull and 14.5mm API on the turret . This tank should be
resisted all 14.5mm API hits in the ± 90° frontal arc and the turret should resist all 30mm API/APDS/APFSDS hits in a
±90° frontal arc. The frontal protection is ~ 17cm LOS within a ± 30° frontal arc which is enough to to reduce
85L74 APC [BR 367 ] to ½ penetrations @ ~ 500m range and limit 100mm APC [BR 412D] or 122mm APC [BR-472 ] , to
½ penetrations at ~ 1km range. The ‘Hull Down’ frontal protection is ~ 19cm RHAe from straight on . This is
enough to stop all 85L74 APC [BR 367 ] and all 100mm APC [BR 412D] or 122mm APC [BR-472 ] at ~ 1km range [that
means ½ penetrations at muzzle].The 100mm & 122mm APDS should get ½ penetrations at 1km range , except longer
T-10M/IT122 gun should get ½ penetration @ 2.5-3.0 km range. The Steel 115mm BM-6 APFSDS should get ½
penetrations at 1.5 to 2.0km range.
-----------------------------------------------M-
60A3- --------------------------------------------------
Mantle [¼ Front Turret]
230mm @ 0° + 40mm cast @ 30° , with a LOS of 276mm, that’s 0.95 [cast] x
0.8/0.78/0.78/0.76 [t/d & Lc] . +4.5 /4.1/ 7.3
Vs 122mm APC = 21.1cm LOS or 18.3cm @ 30°
Vs 100mm APC & APDS = 21.1cm LOS or 18.3cm @ 30°
Vs APFSDS = 24.8cm LOS or 21.4cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 26cm LOS OR 23cm @ 30° + 0.6d
Main slopingTurret walls [ ½ Front Turret]
12.7cm cast @ 53 x 35° , with a LOS of 256mm,
that’s 0.95[cast] x 0.93/0.91/0.91/0.88 [t/d & L/c] .
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 21.4cm LOS or 10.7cm @ 60° **¼ ricochet at 1km ½ ricochet at 2km**
Vs 85-100mm APC = 22.2cm LOS or 11.1cm @ 60° **¼ ricochet at 1km ½ ricochet at 2km**
Vs APDS = 22.2cm LOS or 11.1cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS = 22.6cm LOS or 11.3cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 25.6cm LOS OR 12.8cm @ 60°
Upper Front Turret [¼ Front Turret]
7 cm cast @ 74° , with a LOS of 254mm, that’s 0.95[cast]
x 0.87/0.81/0.80/0.77[t/d; Lc]
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 18.8cm LOS or 4.8cm @ 75° ** all ricochet **
Vs 85-100mm APC = 19.3cm LOS or 5cm @ 75° ** all ricochet **
Vs APDS = 19.5cm LOS or 5cm @ 75° ** ¾ ricochet **
Vs APFSDS = 21cm LOS or 5.4 cm @ 75° [ steel APFSDS ** ¼ ricochet **]
Vs HEAT = 25.4cm LOS OR 6.5cm @ 75°
Side Turret
range from 127 @ 37x35° [front ½ ] to 110mm cast @ 5 x 35° , with a LOS of 190mm LOS, 0.95
[cast] x 0.93/0.91/0.91/0.88 [t/d & L/c] to 134mm LOSx 0.95[cast] x 0.99/0.97/0.89/0.85 [t/d]
Front ¼ side turret Rear ¾ side turret
Vs 122mm APC = 15.9cm LOS or 13.7cm @ 30° = 10.9cm LOS or 9.2cm @ 30°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 16.4cm LOS or 14.2cm @ 30° = 11.4cm LOS or 9.8cm @ 30°
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS = 16.4cm LOS OR 14.2cm @ 30° = 12.4cm LOS OR 10.7cm @ 30°
Vs HMG/30mm APFSDS = 17.0cm LOS OR 14.7cm @ 30° = 12.6cm LOS OR 11cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 18.0cm LOS OR 15.6cm @ 30° = 14cm LOS OR 12.1cm @ 30°
Rear Turret
58mm cast @ 10° with a LOS of = 59mm that’s x 0.95 [cast] x 0.96/0.92/0.87/0.68/0.63[t/d]
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS = 5.1cm LOS OR 5.1cm @ 0°
Vs HMG/30mm APFSDS =5.4cm LOS OR 5.4cm @ 0°
Vs HEAT = 5.9cm LOS OR 5.9cm @ 0° + 1.0d [ plus storage racks ]
Glacis 109mm @ 65 ° cast = LOS of 256mm [240 BHN flawed cast] x 0.9 [cast/hardness] x 0.94/0.92/ 0.82/ 0.75
[flaw/t/d]
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 17.3cm LOS OR 8.6cm @ 60° ** ½ ricochet @ 1km & ¾ ricochet @ 2km **
Vs 85-100mm APC = 18.9cm LOS OR 9.4cm @ 60° ** ½ ricochet @ 1km & ¾ ricochet @ 2km **
Vs APDS = 21.2cm LOS OR 10.6cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS =21.7cm LOS OR 10.8cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 24.3cm LOS OR 12.1cm @ 60°
Lower Hull 110-143mm cast @ 55° = 193-250mm 206LOS x 0.9 [cast/hardness] x 0.93/0.92/ 0.82/ 0.75 [flaw/t/d]
or 235los 0.96/0.94/ 0.92/ 0.85 [flaw/t/d]
Upper ½ front hull lower ½ front hull
Vs 120- 122mm APC = 18cm LOS OR 9cm @ 60° = 14cm LOS OR 7cm @ 60°
Vs 85-100mm APC = 19.4cm LOS OR 9.7cm @ 60° = 15.2cm LOS OR 7.6cm @ 60°
Vs APDS = 20cm LOS OR 10.0cm @ 60° = 17cm LOS OR 8.5cm @ 60°
Vs APFSDS =20.4cm LOS OR 10.2cm @ 60° = 17.2cm LOS OR 8.6cm @ 60°
Vs HEAT = 22.5cm LOS OR 11.3cm @ 60° = 19.6cm LOS OR 9.8cm @ 60°
Side Hull
48@ 30° -@ 20° with a LOS of 55-58mm 240 BHN that’s 0.9 [cast/hardness]x 0.69 / 0.96/ 0.96 [t/d &
flaw]
Front side ½ Rear side ½
Vs 76/85mm APC = 3.6cm LOS or 3.1cm @ 30° = 3.4cm LOS or 3cm @ 30°
Vs HMG/30mm AP1 = 5.0cm LOS OR 4.3cm @ 30° = 4.7cm LOS OR 4.1cm @ 30°
Vs 30mm APFSDS /APD = 5.0cm LOS OR 4.3cm @ 30° = 4.7cm LOS OR 4.1cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 5.5cm LOS OR 4.8 cm @ 30° = 5.2cm LOS OR 4.5cm @ 30°
Rear Hull
estimated to be 4cm RHA @ 0° = 4.0cm LOS x 0.95 [hardness] x /0.94/0.94 [t/d]
Vs 30mm AP1/APDS APFSDS = 3.4cm LOS OR 3.4cm @ 0°
Vs HMG = 3.6cm LOS OR 3.6cm @ 0°
Vs HEAT = 4.0cm LOS OR 4.0cm @ 0°
Top Top turret 25mm Cast /RHA Top Hull 57mm RHA & all round armor from top.
¼ Front Arc glacis and front turret armor = 11cm@ 60° KE & HEAT
¼ Sides side & rear turret armor and track storage box = 5cm@ 90° KE & HEAT
½ Rear turret top; engine deck and track guard = 2.5cm @ 90° KE & HEAT
Bottom
Hull floor 4cm => 2cm cast & 45 cm standoff [ mines]
` Front floor ½ Rear floor ½
Vs KE = 4cm LOS OR 3.5cm @ 30° = 2cm LOS OR 2cm @ 30°
Vs HEAT = 4cm + 15/0 OR 19/4cm @ 30° = 1.7cm + 15/0 OR 17/2cm @ 30°
The all round resistance should be 12.7mm HMG API on the hull and 14.5mm API on the turret . This tank should
resisted all 14.5mm API hits in the ± 90° frontal arc and the turret should resist all 30mm API/APDS/APFSDS hits in a
±90° frontal arc. The frontal protection is ~ 19cm LOS within a ± 30° frontal arc which is enough to limit 85L74
APC [BR 367 ] to ½ penetrations @ muzzle and limit 100mm APC [BR 412D] or 122mm APC [BR-472 ] , to ½
penetrations at ~ 1km range. The ‘Hull Down’ frontal protection is ~ 21-22cm RHAe from straight on . This is
enough to stop all 85L74 APC [BR 367 ] and 100mm APC [BR 412D] or 122mm APC [BR-472 ] at ~ 1 km range [that
means ¼ penetrations at muzzle].The 100mm & 122mm APDS should get ½ penetrations at muzzle , except longer T-
10M/IT122 gun should get ½ penetration @ 2.0 km range. The Steel 115mm BM-6 APFSDS should get ½ penetrations at
1.5 km range, while 125mm Steel BM-9 APFSDS should get ½ penetrations at 2km range.
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With Blazer ERA this was 2-3mm thick plates @ angle 12mm steel mass .This should generate 5mm & spaced armor
effect...+2cm [Vs 3-4cm APFSDS] or +4cm [Vs sheathed APFSDS] & 12 HEAT x angle = 24cm [ 75% coverage]
2cm –3cmAPFSDS = 24cm±7cm [30° off hit]
3cm –4cm sheath APFSDS = 25cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
4cm steel APFSDS = 23cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
5-6cm APDS = 25cm ±6cm [30° off hit]
9-12cm APC = 21cm ±6cm [30° off hit]
HEAT= 48-49cm ± 15 cm [30° off hit]
<b>The glacis</b> 109mm 240 BHN Cast @ 65 °, with a LOS of 250mm 240BHN rolled plate. This is 250 x 0.88-0.98
x 0.95 x 0.9 [t/d+hardness & flawed cast] or 209-188mm LOS effectiveness. 19cm [APC] 21cm [APDS/APFSDS] &
25cm HEAT. With Blazer ERA [ 75% coverage] that’s 23cm KE & 47 56 cm HEAT.
Lower Hull 110-143mm 240 BHN cast @ 55° This is 193-250mm LOS. x 0.95 [hardness] x 0.9 [hardness & flawed
cast] or 214-165mm LOS effectiveness. 16-21cm [APFSDS] & HEAT
Side Hull R Hilmes reported to be 48-53mm 240 BHN cast @ 20° 60mm effective or 6cm KE & HEAT
Rear Hull is ~ 4cm 240 BHN cast rear plate with engine compartment that’s about 2 meters in length plus an inner
bulkhead [2cm ?]. That’s [1.05 [t/d] x 1.3 [YAW] x 1.0[RHA]= 1.36 x 6cm = 8cm KE plus 10-15cm for the engine
mass.The HEAT armor Vs a precision HEAT warhead [ 2nd Gen] should be 4cm x 3 & 2cm plus standoff @ 2 meters =
15cm + 21-27cm standoff = 35 41cm HEAT . Penetration of the outer layer …4 cm KE & HEAT, however should
result in a mobility kill . Penetration of the inner armor should require 18-23cm KE and 35 41cm HEAT and result
in a “Kill”.
M-60A3
This is thought to feature turret casting reportedly replaced the 240 BHN casting with 275BHN, increasing the
resistance of the turret ,this was introduced in the 70s designed to combat the T-62 tank
Base front turret armor....
~127mm@ 52° x 35°= 256mm LOS x 0.89/0.88/0.87/0.82/0.8 [Lc ; flawed cast & T/d] =
2cm APFSDS = 23cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
3cm -4cm APFSDS = 22cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
5-6cm APDS = 21cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
9-12cm APC = 20cm ±6cm [30° off hit]
HEAT= 25-33cm ± 9cm [30° off hit]
With Blazer ERA this was 2-3mm thick plates @ angle 12mm steel mass .This should generate 5mm & spaced armor
effect...+2cm [Vs 3-4cm APFSDS] or +4cm [Vs sheathed APFSDS] & 12 HEAT x angle = 24cm [ 75% coverage]
2cm –3cmAPFSDS = 25cm±7cm [30° off hit]
3cm –4cm sheath APFSDS = 26cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
4cm steel APFSDS = 24cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
5-6cm APDS = 26cm ±6cm [30° off hit]
9-12cm APC = 22cm ±6cm [30° off hit]
HEAT= 50cm ± 15 cm [30° off hit]
Side Turret R Hilmes reported to be 140mm , other sources suggest 110 cast @ 10 x 30° = 138mm LOS . The 240 BHN
flawed cast and t/d suggest a 0.95- 0.88-0.78 = 13cm [Autocannon] & 12cm [APDS/APFSDS] and 11cm [APC]&
14cm HEAT With ERA coverage that’s 12cm KE & 22 32 cm HEAT .
Rear Turret R Hilmes reported to be 58mm cast @ 30° with a = 66mm 240 BHN , that’s 0.92 x 0.95[ hardness] = 58mm
effective. 6cm KE & 6 20 cm HEAT with baggage.
Rest as in M-60A1
M-60A4 ?
From Hilmes MBT book, the applique envisaged for the M-60 upgrade was 22mm hard steel ,spaced some distance from
the turret and hull front.The hull appliqué is 22mm hard steel spaced about 4 inches from the hull and is sloped like
the glacis or ~ 65°, while the turret looks like 22mm hard steel ~ 30° x 52 ° spaced about 45cm from the main front
turret armor.
The resistance of such a spaced plate is 22mm x 1.25 [SHS] x 0.8 [t/d vs 4cm APFSDS] = 22mm @ angle plus spaced
plate effect.Against a contemporary 4cm sheathed APFSDS that would have been 4.1cm + 2.5d or ~ plus 10.4cm for an
additional 14cm RHAe added to the front turret resistance . ...
Front Turret = The A3 model would have been ~ 22cm vs 4cm APFSDS thus M-60A4 should be about 36cm ± 7cm
RHAe[ Vs 4cm BM 3/6/9/12/15/17/20/21 APFSDS] . The glacis should go from 21cm [APDS/APFSDS] & 25cm
HEAT [+ 6cm+2.6d or 17cm] to about 38cm RHAe against the APFSDS.
The frontal HEAT resistance should be 25cm plus 6cm plus standoff +16cm + 0.7d front turret or 25cm + 6cm +10cm
+ 0.7d front hull or 47-41cm ± 11cm + 0.7d RHAe, just enought to stop a Sagger or RPG7 across the ± 30° frontal
arc. The improved warheads of these weapons [SAGGER –C & RPG-7M/N] would have precision jets which are much less
effected by spaced armor. Against these threats the frontal resistance becomes 25-9cm plus either 10.5cm + 0.7d
turret or +6cm + 0.7d front hull ~ 35cm ± 5cm + 0.7d RHAe.
The all round plate would have included 47cm standoff around the turret and around 80cm standoff along the hull side
and about 40cm standoff from the rear turret with ~ 15cm from the rear hull. The 22mm HS plate would be almost
vertical all round adding the following.
Side Turret = 13cm [Autocannon] & 12cm [APDS/APFSDS] and 11cm [APC] & 14cm HEAT . With the appliqué
that’s [2.7 x 0.85-0.78-0.65 plus 0.6d /1.65/2d /0.39d]= 5cm /11.3/10.9/6.8[ HEAT 16 += 18cm [Autocannon /APC]
& 23cm [APDS/APFSDS] and 33/19cm + 0.7d HEAT.
Rear Turret R Hilmes reported to be 58mm cast @ 30° with a = 66mm 240 BHN , that’s 0.92 x 0.95[ hardness] = 58mm
effective. 11cm KE & 28cm + 0.7dHEAT with applique.
Turret roof R Hilmes reported to be 23mm cast
Side Hull R Hilmes reported to be 48-53mm 240 BHN cast @ 20° 60mm effective + 5cm or 11cm KE & 30cm +0.7d
HEAT [6 + 3+21]
Rear Hull is ~ 4cm 240 BHN+ 22mm standoff plate 9cm KE & 14cm + 0.7d HEAT
The all round resistance should be upto 30mm API and Grenade launcher HEAT warheads on the hull and RPG-7 on
the turret . This tank should resisted all 30mm APDS & RPG-7 hits in the ± 90° frontal arc , while the ± 60° frontal arc
should resist the 100mm APDS and JS-III/T-10 122mm APDS and ± 45° frontal arc against the T-10M/IT-122mm
APDS . The frontal hull down protection in the ± 30° frontal arc should be the 115mm FS HEAT & RPG-7M, plus
the 115mm BM-6 or 125mm BM-9BL@ 200m range . In the ± 20° frontal hull down arc should be the RPG-7N or
SAGGER-C, plus the100mm BM-20 ; 115mm BM-3 BL@ 1200m range . plus the 125mm BM12/ BM15 BL@ 1.0-1.5km
range or 115mm BM-21 BL@ 2.0km range & 125mm BM 22 BL @ 3km range.
Since the appliqué would increase the tanks weight 5 tons from 51-56 tons, this would adversely mobility. The speed of
this tank would have been reduced to the level of the Chieftain in the process.
The steel spaced applique could have been developed & deployed any time and had the late 60s failure of the MBT-
70/803 combined with sudden appearance of the T-64, a crash program to improve the protection of the M-60 fleet
could have made emminent sence and been in step with the W German Leopard- 1A1A1 upgrade. Combined with the M-
735 APFSDS and the improved FCS & Ti sight of the M-60A3 ,it would have allowed this tank to soldier on until
replaced by M-1 in the mid 1980s when they would have all gone into national guard/reserve service.
Magach 7 C& D
These upgraded tanks have appeared recently with a modified armor featuring high hardness plates
that may be NERAwith spaced armor and / or concrete . The mobility is reported to be about the same
even though the engine power went up from 780 to 900 HP [15%]. Thus it’s assumed there’s also a 15%
increase in the combat weight or 8 tons of appliqué armor.But FAS reports the Sabra weight at 55 ,
000kg when the [empty] M-60A3 weighs in at 48,684 kg. This suggest the applique is 7500kg in weight!
JANES A&A 2002- 2003 reports the minimum weight increase is 5000kg but can be increased to meet
higher protection levels.

The profile area of the M-60 tanks looks to be about 4.7m² front and 10 m² side. Thus appliqué
covering the entire turret and front and side hull should lead to a approximate total profile area of ~
29m² coverage [4.7 m²x 2] + [10 m² x 2] over 7500kg weight increase , for 259 kg/m². In steel mass
that’s an average of 33mm all round steel mass, but in all probability that’s ~67 mm front armor mass
and 25mm side & rear armor . The reports indicate the early version [late 90s] features about 4 inches
of steel and concrete construction backed up by the main 109mm glacis plate @ 65°, while the turret
plates might be NERA .
The 67mm glacis armor mass is x 0.4226 [ COS of 65°] or ~ 28.3mm armor mass @ 65°.However the
glacis /front hull armor mass is at @ 65°& 55° , while the applique thickness is probably the same .
Redistributing the armor mass that ends up with 33.3cm steel mass @ 65° on the glacis and @ 55° on
the lower hull. Concrete has a density of ~ 2.4 g/cc while the hard steel is 7.85 g/cc suggesting an
armor this should lead to 1cm SHS + 8cm concrete added to the glacis and lower hull . The actual slabs
off appliqué armor look quite thick with the side skirts being ~ 4 inches thick,so these must be some
spaced armor or very, very light material [ like Perlite?]. The more advance latest version is the Magach
7D or Magach 8 features ‘flying saucer armor’ which I assume to be spaced ‘perforated plates ’ with
inter layers, similar to the wedge armor on the LEO-2A5 tank, but the hull appliqué armor looks very
similar to the Magach- 7C !
Magach 7c(Gimel).
The turret appliqué looks like 67mm armor mass @ [30 x 65°] 1.77 or ~ 38mm steel by mass this could support an
armor of 3 cm steel and 4 cm thermo plastic should offer…..
KE= 3 cm x 1.25 [ SHS] x 0.6-0.74[t/d & Lc] 2.25-2.8 + 4 cm x 0.4 [te] x 0.9-0.94[t/d & Lc] = 1.44-1.5 = 3.7- 4.3 at
angle x 1.77= + 6.5[ 4cm APFSDS] to 7.6cm [2cm APFSDS] .Such armor adds 2.6d due to the yawing of penetrators over
large distance...with steel and WC penetrators this is up to 3.9d.Thus we end up with
~127mm@ 52° x 35°= 256mm LOS x 0.89/0.88/0.87/0.82/0.8 [Lc ; flawed cast & T/d] =
2cm APFSDS = 23cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
3cm -4cm APFSDS = 22cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
5-6cm APDS = 21cm ±7cm [30° off hit]
9-12cm APC = 20cm ±6cm [30° off hit]
HEAT= 25-33cm ± 9cm [30° off hit]
HEAT= 3 cm x 1.25 [ SHS] + 4 cm x 0.45 [te] x 6.5 [NERA ] @ angle x 1.77 = + 64cm HEAT armor resistance plus the
standoff [~ looks like 40-50cm] or about + 5cm Vs precision jet [ 2nd Gen ATGM] , for a total of ~69cm HEAT Added
to the base armor of 27x 0.95 = 25cm + 69 = 94cm HEAT resistance.
[PRE]
/ ~ 47cm [Steel/WC APFSDS] 42cm [3cm Steel /WC APFSDS] 37-38cm [2-3cm APFSDS] & 94± 15 cm HEAT
/~ 180mm @ 30°x 45° + NERA =[b]39-47cm [Steel APFSDS] –32-40cm [2-3cm APFSDS]& 100± 15 cm HEAT [/b]
[34-42cm LOS cast + NERA = =[b]39-47cm [Steel APFSDS] –32-40cm [2-3cm APFSDS]& 100± 15 cm HEAT [/b]
\~ 180mm @ 30°x 45°+ NERA =[b]39-47cm [Steel APFSDS] –32-40cm [2-3cm APFSDS]& 100± 15 cm HEAT [/b]
\~ 47cm [Steel/WC APFSDS] 42cm [3cm Steel /WC APFSDS] 37-38cm [2-3cm APFSDS] & 94± 15 cm HEAT
[/PRE]
Side Turret is reported to be 100mm cast @ 30° , with 9cm [APDS/APC] ; 10cm [2-4cm APFSDS] & 12cm HEAT .
With the Sabra armor the mass is 25mm steel and the plates are probably 2 x 1cm steel sheets plus 3cm plastic . The
adjusted calculation should be
KE= 2 cm x 1.25 [ SHS] x 0.5-0.6 [t/d & Lc] + 3 cm x 0.4 [te] x 0.83-0.9[t/d & Lc] = 2.2 – 2.6 x 1.1 [confinement] x
1.15 [ 30°angle] = + 2.8cm [ 4cm APFSDS] to 3.3cm [2cm APFSDS] .Plus yawing @ 30° -40° = 2d/3d = +12- 15cm [ 3-
4cm steel/sheathed APFSDS] to +9cm -7cm [3-2cm APFSDS] .
HEAT= 2 cm x 1.25 [ SHS] + 3 cm x 0.5 [te] = 4cm x 1.2 [layering ] = 4.8 cm at angle or = 5.5cm HEAT x 6.5 [ NERA
effectiveness = 36cm + stand off + 4cm = + 40cm HEAT armor.Thus the Magach-7C side turret armor should offer
This leads to 19-22cm [ 3-4cm steel/sheathed APFSDS] to 18cm -17cm [3-2cm APFSDS] and 52cm HEAT.
Rear Turret ; 51mm cast @ 30 x 30° with a LOS of [x1.29]= 66mm, that’s 0.92 = 61mm effective. ,The Sabra should
feature the same armor as in the side turret and thus should add + 11-13cm [ 4cm APFSDS] to 4-8cm [2-3cm
APFSDS]. HEAT should add + 38.6cm + stand off 4-5cm = + 43cm HEAT armor. Thus it should amount to 17-
20cm [ 4cm APFSDS] to 10-14cm [2-3cm APFSDS] and 50cm HEAT.
The glacis ;As summized above the appliqué armor is probably 8cm concrete and 1cm hard steel @ 65
8 cm concrete x 0.35/1.0[Te] x 0.8-0.85 [t/d]= 2.25 –2.4cm & 8cm @ 65°= 5.3cm/ 5.6cm &18.9cm
1 cm SHS x 1.25 /1.25[Te] x 0.6/0.75 [t/d] = 0.75 – 0.95 & 1.25 @ 65°= 1.8cm/ 2.2cm &2.96cm
10.9cm RHA x 0.95/1.0 [240BHN] x 0.92 – 0.99 [t/d]= 9.5cm –10.2cm &10.9cm @ 65°= 22.5cm -24.2cm & 25.8cm
Confinement should boost KE values by 1.2 times and the concrete will tutmble an APFSDS like NERA resulting in an
additional 1d/2d or + 2-4cm or + 6-8cm The HEAT should be boosted by layering to 1.2 times….
KE= 22.5+5.3+1.8 x 1.2 +6-8cm = 41-43cm[3- 4cm Steel/WC APFSDS] ; 24.2+2.2+5.6 x 1.2 + 2-3= 40-41cm [ 2-
3cm APFSDS]
Heat = 25.8+2.96+18.9 x 1.2 = 57cm HEAT
Lower Hull As summized above with the appliqué armor is probably @ 55° ...the base armor thins from 17.2cm
near the nose to 14cm at the floor.
KE= 14-17.2+3.9+ 1.3 x 1.2 + 6-8cm = 29-35cm[3- 4 Steel/WC APFSDS] 14.6-17.9+4.2+ 1.7 x 1.2 + 2-3cm = 27-
32cm [ 2-3cm APFSDS] ; Heat = 14.9 –19.3cm +14+2.2 x 1.2 = 37-43cm HEAT
Side Hull is reported to be 60mm RHA @ 20° or 5cm KE & 6cm HEAT .For the Sabra a very thick [ 10cm?] plate is
adopted as a side skirt . The steel mass is 25mm and could be NERA with ~ 1.0cm SHS & 8cm plastic followed by 0.7cm
SHS plate,plus the 800mm standoff and should offer 1.7cm x 1.27 [T/d Lc & SHS] + 8cm x 0.3 [ Te] x 0.98 [t/d & Lc] =
4.5cm . The yaw and shatter will effectively double the resistance to API and APDS type shots so the resistance is ~ 8-
9cm plus 5cm hull . The HEAT values should be [ 1.7 x 1.25 + 8 x 0.45] x 6.5 + standoff [+ 5-10cm HEAT] plus hull
[6cm] or 13-14cm APDS & 42-47cm HEAT.
Rear Hull is 4cm RHA rear plate with engine compartment that’s about 2 meters in length plus an inner bulkhead
[2cm ?]. That’s [1.05 [t/d] x 1.3 [YAW] x 1.0[RHA]= 1.36 x 6cm = 8cm KE .The HEAT armor Vs a precision HEAT
warhead [ 2nd Gen] should be 4cm x 3 & 2cm plus standoff @ 2 meters = 15cm + 21-27cm standoff = 35-41cm HEAT
. Penetration of the outer layer …4 cm KE & HEAT, however results in a mobility kill . Sabra has steel mass is
25mm and this should be NERA with ~ 1.0cm SHS & 8cm plastic followed by 0.7cm SHS plate,plus the 800mm standoff
and should offer 1.7cm x 1.27 [T/d Lc & SHS] + 8cm x 0.3 [ Te] x 0.98 [t/d & Lc] = 4.5cm . The yaw and shatter will
effectively double the resistance to API and APDS type shots so the resistance is ~ 8-9cm plus 8/4cm hull . The HEAT
values should be [ 1.7 x 1.25 + 8 x 0.45] x 7 + standoff [+ 15-20cm HEAT] plus hull [6cm] or 16-17[APDS] & 55-64cm
HEAT inner and 12-13cm & 40-44cm HEAT outer armor. Penetration of the outer armor should lead to a
mobility kill , while penetration of the inner armor should lead to a Kill!
Magach 6 Batash
Magach 7D features the ‘Flying saucer armor’ of the Merk 4 tanks and is thought to be perforated plate
armor like the German armor mounted on the LEO-1A5 tank. The angle of this turret appliqué is much
sharper than on the previous Magach- 7C armor . This is 50mm armor mass @ 67° x 55° or equivalent to
17mm steel , since the plates are perforated they are assumed to be 2/3 of the solid density so the
armor should be something like 2cm plates and ! 3cm light weight interlayer , like Dyneema This
should offer 2 cm x 1.25/1.25 [perforated SHS] + 3 cm [inter layer]x 0.4/0.5 = 3.4cm x angle [67° x
55°] x 3= 10.2 cm KE armor. The post impact tumble rates through perforated plates should increase
the basic Yaw by reducing the penetration by + 3d [ +4d for steel or sheathed penetrators] , resulting
in +16cm addition to the base armor for Vs 2cm diamter APFSDS and +19cm for 3cm diameter
APFSDS, +22cm for 4cm APFSDS and + 26cm Vs Steel or sheathed APFSDS. The HEAT values are 6.2 x
LOS x Te effective thickness or [ 2cm x 1.25 + 3 x 0.5] = 4cm x 3[LOS] x 6.2 = 72cm + standoff 1-5cm
for a total of + 75-80cm HEAT plus the main turret armor.
Base armor
/ 127mm@ 60° x 35°= 270 mm LOS x 0.99[Lc] x 0.92[cast] = 24cm [APFSDS] & 27cm HEAT </b>
/ 180mm @ 30°x 45°= 275mm LOS plus air gap x 0.9[Lc] x 0.92[cast] = 24cm[APFSDS] 33cm HEAT
[34-42cm LOS cast plus air gap x 0.6 -0.75[Lc] x 0.92[cast] = ~25cm [APFSDS] 38cm HEAT
\ 180mm @ 30°x 45°= 275mm LOS plus air gap x 0.9[Lc] x 0.92[cast] = 24cm[APFSDS] 33cm HEAT