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Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations R C Mukherjee Ramendra Chandra Mukerjee IIT JEE Physical Chemistry Bharati Bhawan not Mukherji Mukerji PDF

923 Pages·2019·5.725 MB·English
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Preview Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations R C Mukherjee Ramendra Chandra Mukerjee IIT JEE Physical Chemistry Bharati Bhawan not Mukherji Mukerji

MODERN APPROACH TO Chemical Calculations AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLE CONCEPT Ramendra C Mukerjee, MSc,PhD Department of Chemistry Ewing Christian College, Allahabad (An Autonomous College of Allahabad University) P R E F A C E The book continues the tradition of providing a firm foundation in chemical calculations. I have included quite a good number of problems with hints wherever necessary. The challenge to me has always been to present a solid understanding of the basic facts and principles of chemistry. I am fully confidentthatthepresentbookwillhelpthestudentspreparefortheJEEand other engineering and medical entrance examinations. Thedesignofquestionpapers,particularlyoftheJEE,changesfromtime totime.Rememberthatchemistryhasnotchanged.Ifeelstronglythatifyou understand the subject well, you can solve any question in any form. I have also noticed that questions are now being asked from all chapters including the mole concept, stoichiometric calculations, etc. Previously, it used to be selective. Another important fact is that the questions are sometimes too difficult for students of +2 level. In that case you may consult my book ‘ModernApproachtoPhysicalChemistry,volumesIandII’foranadvanced knowledgeofphysicalchemistry.Basically,readeverychapterverycarefully tillyouhaveavividpictureofthesubjectinyourmind.Finally,followSwami Vivekananda’s saying, Arise, Awake and Stop Not till the goal is achieved. RamendraCMukerjee PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION Itakeimmensepleasureinpresentingyoutheeightheditionofthisbook.On thebasisofhelpfulsuggestionsgivenbylearnedteachersandstudentsfrom alloverthecountry,andalsoinviewoftherecentchangesinthesyllabusand in the examination pattern of IIT-JEE, all the chapters have been critically reviewed. Some changes in the presentation of the text and the necessary additions, both in the text and in the problems, have been carried out. The revision chapters 21 and 22 have been updated by including the questions askedinIIT-JEEoftherecentpastyears.Mygoalinthisrevisionistoprovide students with the best possible tool for learning numerical chemistry, by (iii) incorporating and amplifying features that enhance their understanding of concepts. Here are some of the new features: The presentation of thermodynamics has been reorganized. The consistentpresentationhelpstoconsolidatetheconceptsofthermodynamics. As the central concepts of chemical change are best understood in the sequenceofchemicalthermodynamics(Istheforwardorthereversereaction favoured?),chemicalthermodynamicsisnowplacedasChapter14,followed by chemical equilibrium (Chapter 15), ionic equilibrium (Chapter 16—How farthereactionwouldgo?)andthenbychemicalkinetics(Chapter17—How fast the reaction would go?). Though the oxidation and reduction processes have been discussed in chapters6,7and18,anewchapter(19)ontheconceptsofoxidationnumber anditsapplicationtobalanceredoxreactionshasbeenadded.Chapter20on solidstatehasbeenextendedbyincludingtheliquidstate.Chapters21and22 contain only problems for the purpose of revision. Manyofmycolleagueshavehelpedmewritethisbook,toallofwhomI am sincerely thankful. I especially thank Mr D Kumar, former Head, Chemistry Department of our college, with whom I have discussed many problems, and Dr G K Verma, C M P Degree College, for offering me many useful suggestions. I am greatly indebted to Prof. S S Shukla, Lamar University,Texas,USA,forgoingthroughthemanuscriptofthefirstedition and making invaluable suggestions. I wish to express my appreciation to all the students and teachers who have been kind enough to write letters with helpful suggestions for the improvement of the book. Special thanks are due to my own students for pointing out a number of errors. Finally, I thank all the members of the Bharati Bhawan family who were involved in the production of this edition. I believe this edition will continue to prove useful to the students and interesting to the teachers. 132 B/2A, Alopibagh RamendraCMukerjee Allahabad 211 006 (iv) A Message Dear Students, This is a textbook on chemical calculations primarily intended for students who are preparing for the entrance tests of IIT and other engineering colleges. This text is equally useful to the students of Intermediate(+2) and BSc classes of Indian universities. Chemistry is just one of the subjects you have to study and, therefore, you have limited time for each subject. Keeping in mind your limited time and requirements, I have tried my best to write this book in such a way that it fulfils your requirements. The special features of the book are: 1. This book has been written in the language of the mole, as the concept of mole is a basic tool in understanding chemistry. Try to have fun with the mole; I did. 2. Sufficient fundamental principles have been provided before introducing problems. These principles, in the form of rules or equations, have been referred to throughout the book while solving problems. This will help you in following each step of the solutions of these problems. 3. A wide variety of problems have been selected; at the same time repetitions of similar types of problems have been avoided. This allowed me to give maximum coverage in minimum space. 4. Mixed system of units including SI units have been used in this text in accordance with the latest trend of the entrance tests of IIT and most of the other engineering colleges. Moreover, a selected list of basic and derived SI units and conversions of selected nonsystem units to SI units have been provided at the beginning of the book to help you solve problems using different systems of units. Finally, I would like to suggest two important points so that you can take the maximum advantage from this book.  Read Chapter 1 and Chapter 14 very carefully as both these chapters have wide applications in other chapters.  Do not jump directly to solving the problems until you have thoroughly gone through the text provided at the beginning of each chapter. Ramendra C Mukerjee (v) Selected SI Units (Systeme International d’ Unites) Unit Quantity Name Symbol Basic Units: Length metre m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Temperature kelvin K Luminous intensity candela cd Amount of substance mole mol Derived Units: Volume cubic metre m3 Density kilogram per kg/m3 cubic metre Force newton N (kgm/s2) Pressure pascal Pa (N/m2) Energy, work, heat joule J (Nm) Power watt W (J/s) Quantity of electricity coulomb C (As) Electric voltage, volt V (W/A) electrical potential, emf Resistance ohm  (V/A) Conductance siemens  1 Frequency hertz Hz s  1 (cid:3) (cid:137) (vii) Conversion of Selected Nonsystem Units to SI Units Quantity Unit Conversion factor to SI centimetre 1  10 2 m micrometre m 1  10 6 m  Length nanometre nm 1  10 9 m angstrom Å 1  10 10 m  inch 254  10 2 m Mass gram 1  10 3 kg Volume litre 1  10 3 m3  dm3 bar 105 Pa atmosphere atm 101325  105 Pa Pressure  millimetre of Hg 133322 Pa  or torr electronvolt eV 160219  10 19 J Energy, work, amount calorie cal 41868 J  of heat kilocalorie kcal 41868 J  erg 10 7 J (cid:137) (viii) Values of Selected Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Value Planck constant h  66262  10 27 erg  s  66262  10 34 J  s SI Avogadro number N  6022  1023 mol 1 SI (Avogadro constant) Boltzmann constant k  13807  10 16 erg deg 1 molecule 1  13807  10 23 JK 1 SI Gas constant R  8314  10 7 erg deg 1 mole 1  8314 JK 1 mol 1 SI  00821 L  atm deg 1 mole 1  1987 cal deg 1 mole 1 Molar volume of gas at V  22414 L mole 1 NTP  22414  10 3 m3 mole 1 SI Velocity of light c  2998  1010 cm s 1  2998  108 m s 1 SI Electron mass m  9109  10 28 g e  9109  10 31 kg SI Electron charge e  4803  10 10 esu  1602  10 19 coulomb SI Faraday constant F  96485 coulomb eq 1  96484 coulomb mol 1 SI Acceleration due to gravity g  980665 cm s 2  980665 m s 2 SI Atomic mass unit amu  166  10  27 kg SI (cid:137) (ix) A Few Abbreviations Used in This Book Principle of Atom Conservation POAC Weight Wt. Atomic weight At. wt. Molecular weight Mol. wt. Equivalent weight Eq. wt. Gram Equivalent or Equivalent Eq. Equation Eqn. Equilibrium Eqb. Milli-equivalent m.e. Molar M Molal m Normal N Demal D (cid:137) (x)

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