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Modern Antennas PDF

649 Pages·1998·11.782 MB·English
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Modern Antennas Microwave and RF Technology Series The Microwave and RF Technology Series publishes authoritative works for professional engineers, researchers and advanced students across the entire range of microwave devices, sub-systems, systems and applications. The series aims to meet the reader's needs for relevant information useful in practical applications. Engineers involved in microwave devices and circuits, antennas, broadcasting communications, radar, infra-red and avionics will find the series an invaluable source of design and reference information. Series editors: Hugh Griffiths Professor and Head of Microwaves, Radar and Optics Group, University College London, UK Fellow of the lEE and Senior Member of the IEEE Bradford L. Smith Senior Intellectual Property Counsel and Engineer, Corporate Research Centre, Alcatel Alsthom, Paris, France Senior Member of the IEEE and French SEE TItles available The Microwave Engineering Infrared Thermography Handbook Volume 1 G. Gaussorgues Microwave components Edited by Bradford L. Smith and Phase Locked Loops Michel-Henri Carpentier J. B. Encinas The Microwave Engineering Frequency Measurement and Control Handbook Volume 2 Chronos Group Microwave circuits, antennas and propagation Microwave Integrated Circuits Edited by Bradford L. Smith and Edited by I. Kneppo Michel-Henri Carpentier Microwave Tube Transmitters The Microwave Engineering L. Sivan Handbook Volume 3 Microwave systems and applications Microwave ElectroDic Devices Edited by Bradford L. Smith and Theo G. van de Roer Michel-Hemi Carpentier Introduction to Av ioDies Solid-state Microwave Generation R. P. G. Collinson J. Anastassiades, D. Kaminsky, E. Perea and A. Poezevara Modern Antennas S. Drabowitch Ecole Superieure d'Electricite, France A. Papiernik University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France H. Griffiths University College London, UK and J. Encinas formerly of the Institut Superieure d'Electronique de Paris, France Edited by H. Griffiths (as above) and Bradford L. Smith Alcatel Alsthom, Paris, France junj SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV. First edition 1998 © 1998 S. Drabowitch, A. Papiemik, H. Griffiths, 1. Encinas and B. L. Smith Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998 ISBN 978-1-4757-2760-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-2758-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2758-6 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library r§l Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 and ANSIINISO Z39.48-1984 (permanence of Paper). Contents List of contributors xv Foreword xvi Acknowledgements xvii 1 Fundamentals of electromagnetism 1 1.1 Maxwell's equations 1 1.1.1 Maxwell's equations in an arbitrary medium 1 1.1.2 Linear media 4 1.1.3 Conducting media 6 1.1.4 Reciprocity theorem 8 1.2 Power and energy 10 1.2.1 Power volume densities 10 1.2.2 Energy volume densities 10 1.2.3 Poynting vector and power 11 1.3 Plane waves in linear media 12 1.3.1 Plane waves in an isotropic linear medium 12 1.3.2 Skin effect 18 Further reading 20 Exercises 21 2 Radiation 25 2.1 Plane wave spectrum 25 2.1.1 Spectral domain 26 2.1.2 Electromagnetic field in a semi-infinite space with no sources 28 2.1.3 The far field 33 2.2 Kirchhoff's formulation 38 2.2.1 Green's identity and Green's functions 38 2.2.2 Kirchhoff's integral formulation 39 2.2.3 Plane wave spectrum and Kirchhoffs formulation 42 Further reading 43 Exercises 44 3 Antennas in transmission 46 3.1 Far field radiation 46 3.1.1 Vector characteristic of the radiation from the antenna 46 3.1.2 Translation theorem 47 3.1.3 Application: radiation produced by an arbitrary current 48 3.1.4 Radiated power 51 vi Contents 3.2 Field radiated from an antenna 52 3.2.1 Elementary dipoles 52 3.2.2 Plane-aperture radiation 55 3.3 Directivity, gain, radiation pattern 59 3.3.1 Radiated power 59 3.3.2 Directivity 60 3.3.3 Gain 60 3.3.4 Radiation pattern 62 3.3.5 Input impedance 63 Further reading 65 Exercises 66 4 Receiving antennas 70 4.1 Antenna reciprocity theorem 70 4.1.1 Reciprocity theorem applied to a source-free closed surface 70 4.1.2 Relation between the field on transmit and the field on receive 74 4.2 Antenna effective receiving area 75 4.2.1 Definition 75 4.2.2 Relationship between gain and effective receiving area 76 4.3 Energy transmission between two antennas 77 4.3.1 The Friis transmission formula 77 4.3.2 Radar equation 78 4.4 Antenna behaviour in the presence of noise 79 4.4.1 Power radiated by a body at absolute temperature T 79 4.4.2 Noise temperature of the antenna 82 4.4.3 Noise temperature of the receiving system 83 Further reading 84 Exercises 85 5 Antennas of simple geometry 87 5.1 Aperture antennas 87 5.1.1 Parabolic antennas 87 5.1.2 Rectangular horns 92 5.2 Wire antennas 101 5.2.1 Electric dipoles 101 5.2.2 Travelling wave rectilinear antennas 107 5.2.3 Loops and helical antennas 109 Further reading 113 Exercises 114 6 Printed antennas 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Different types of printed radiating elements 118 6.3 Field analysis methods 121 Contents vii 6.3.1 Methods of analysis of printed antennas 122 6.3.2 The cavity method 122 6.3.3 Application to a rectangular patch 125 6.3.4 Application to a circular patch 128 6.4 Input impedance, bandwidth and radiation pattern 130 6.4.1 Input impedance 130 6.4.2 Bandwidth 131 6.4.3 Radiation pattern 134 6.4.4 Polarization 134 Further reading 137 Exercises 138 7 Large antennas and microwave antennas 140 7.1 Introduction 140 7.2 Structures and applications 142 7.2.1 Structures 142 7.2.2 External characteristics required in applications 145 7.3 Fundamental propagation laws 152 7.3.1 Wavefronts 152 7.3.2 The Huygens-Fresnel principle of wave propagation 153 7.3.3 Stationary phase principle 154 7.3.4 Geometrical optics ray theory 157 7.3.5 Ray theory in quasi-homogeneous media 162 7.4 Antennas as radiating apertures 170 7.4 1 Antenna radiation and equivalent aperture method 170 7.4.2 Examples of microwave antennas and equivalent apertures 171 7.4.3 Far field radiation from an aperture 174 7.4.4 Examples of radiating apertures 179 7.4.5 Polarization of the radiated field: case where the field in the aperture has the characteristic of a plane wave 186 7.4.6 Geometrical properties of the Huygens coordinates 191 7.4.7 Aperture radiation in the near field 193 7.4.8 Gain factor of a radiating aperture 196 Appendix 7A Deduction of the Huygens-Fresnel principle from the Kirchhoff integral 200 Further reading 201 Exercises 202 8 Primary feeds 207 8.1 General properties 207 8.1.1 Introduction 207 8.1.2 General characteristics of primary feeds 208 8.1.3 Radiation from radially-symmetric structures 215 8.1.4 Primary aperture in an incident field 221 viii Contents 8.2 Horns 223 8.2.1 General properties 223 8.2.2 Small flare angle horns and open-ended guides 224 8.2.3 Flared horns 225 8.2.4 Multimode horns 226 8.3 Hybrid modes and corrugated horns 229 8.3.1 Circular aperture radiating a pure polarization 229 8.3.2 Search for hybrid mode waves 229 8.3.3 Radiation pattern 235 Further reading 240 Exercises 241 9 Axially symmetric systems 244 9.1 Introduction 244 9.2 Symmetry properties -propagation of polarization, radiation patterns 245 9.3 Principal surface 247 9.3.1 Definition 247 9.3.2 Pupil- aperture angle -focal length 248 9.3.3 Equivalent aperture of the system 249 9.4 Transfer function 250 9.5 System gain 252 9.5.1 General expression 252 9.5.2 Expression obtained from the primary gain g' and the transfer function 253 9.5.3 Effect of various factors in the gain function 253 9.5.4 Concept of optimal primary directivity 255 9.6 Radiation patterns 258 9.6.1 Equivalent aperture illumination 258 9.6.2 Axisymmetric primary pattern with pure polarization 258 9.6.3 Effect of blockage 260 9.7 Aberrations in axially-symmetric systems 262 9.7.1 Introduction 262 9.7.2 Main aberrations in the defocusing plane 262 9.8 Axially symmetric systems considered in reception 267 9.8.1 Effect of transferfunction 267 9.8.2 Diffraction in the vicinity of the focus F of an element dS' of a spherical wave S' 269 9.8.3 Analysis of a diffraction pattern -contribution of an elementary crown of the spherical wave -hybrid waves 270 9.8.4 Axial field 271 9.8.5 Transverse distribution of the diffracted field in the focal plane 272 9.8.6 Axially-symmetric systems with a small aperture 9 273 0 Contents ix 9.8.7 Constant transfer function 275 9.8.8 Non-constant transfer function 277 9.8.9 General case: system with a very large aperture 278 9.9 System considered in reception: transfer of the energy contained in the diffraction pattern to the primary aperture 279 9.9.1 Diffraction pattern produced around the focus by an incident non-axial plane wave 279 9.9.2 Radiation pattern of the system associated with a given primary aperture 281 9.9.3 Examples of applications 282 9.9.4 Axial gain of an axially-symmetric system -effect of the diameter of the primary aperture 283 9.10 Radiation in the Fresnel zone of a Gaussian illumination -application to the transport of energy by radiation (Gobeau's waves) 286 Further reading 288 Exercises 289 10 Focused systems 297 10.1 Introduction 297 10.2 The Cassegrain antenna 298 10.2.1 Introduction 298 10.2.2 Geometry 299 10.2.3 Equivalent primary feed 301 10.2.4 Principal surface 302 10.2.5 Cassegrain with shaped reflectors 303 10.2.6 Diffraction pattern of the subreflector 306 10.2.7 Blockage by the subreflector 312 10.2.8 Schwartzschild aplanetic reflector 316 10.3 Tracking systems 317 10.3.1 Introduction 317 10.3.2 General characteristics of radar echoes 319 10.3.3 Conical scanning 324 10.3.4 'Monopulse' antennas 332 10.3.5 Beacon tracking 349 10.4 Non axially-symmetric systems 349 10.4.1 Offset reflector 349 10.4.2 Shaped reflectors -pattern synthesis 353 Further reading 360 Exercises 361 11 Arrays 363 11.1 Introduction 363 11.1.1 Phased arrays 364 11.1.2 Bandwidth -use of delay lines -subarrays 364

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