Modelling the Magnetic Properties of Natural and Environmental Materials Joan Anne Lees ...

390 Pages·2008·46.65 MB·English

Contents
7.3 Source identification, field and laboratory methods 163
Preliminary study 163
Field survey 163
Sampling and sample preparation 166
Magnetic Measurement 169
7.4 Initial data analysis and results 169
Normality and correlations 169
Particle size results 171
Discrimination of Sediment Sources 171
7.5 Statistical classification: an analysis 174
7.6 Linear modelling and quantification of sediment sources 178
Linear modelling attempts 178
Quantification of black sand concentrations in beach mixtures 182
Quantification of numbers of black sand grains in beach mixtures 183
7.7 Further Discussion 184
Part 2: Ancillary coastal study - Lulworth Cove
-
7.8 Area of Study 186
Aims, field and laboratory methods 186
7.9 Results and Discussion 188
7.10 Summary 193
CHAPTER 8: Quantitative Sediment Sourcing in a Small Catchment
8.1 Introduction 194
8.2 Aims and Objectives 195
8.3 Transect of Soils of Southern England 195
8.4 The Catchment Study 197
8.5 Identifying sediment sources and assessing spatial variability
Field Surveys 203
Spatial Variability 206
Sampling Strategy 206
Sample Preparation and Measurement 210
8.6 Initial Data Analysis and Results 212
8.7 Statistical Classification Techniques 214
Grouping Samples into Sources 214
8.8 Linear Modelling 218
8.9 Discussion 223
8.10 Summary 224
CHAPTER 9: Modelling Minerals in Environmental Materials using
Hysteresis Loops
9.1 Introduction and Aims 226
Mineral Sources and Soil Sampling 227
9.2 Modelling Minerals
Geological and Synthetic Minerals 230
9.2.1 Initial Examples
Different Minerals 236
Modelling Minerals 236
Modelling grain sizes 241
9.3 Modelling Minerals in Soil Profiles 244
9.3.1 Seeswood Soil Profiles 244
xlf and xfd% Profiles 244
Hysteresis Curves 247
Mineral Modelling 249
vi
Contents
9.3.2 Buxton Soil Profiles 250
xlf and xfd% Profiles 250
Hysteresis Curves 250
Mineral Modelling 255
9.4 Discussion 256
9.5 Summary 257
SECTION D: Discussion and Conclusions
CHAPTER 10: Discussion and Conclusions
10.1 Main Findings
Magnetism - 259
Source Identification and Variability 260
Multivariate Classification 260
Modelling 262
Sources of Error 262
10.2 Main Application Findings
Coastal Systems 264
Catchment Systems 265
Mineral Modelling 265
10.3 Further Work
Further Application of Magnetic Techniques 266
Further Magnetic Parameters 267
Incorporating Other Analytical Parameters 267
10.3 Measurement - Modelling - Interpretation Methodological Procedure
The Procedure 268
10.4 Conclusions
Aims 269
Main Experimental Conclusions 270
Main Application Conclusions 271
Annex: Environmental Magnetism Bibliography 272
Environmental Magnetism Bibliography 278
Appendices 291
vii
List of Figures
List of Figures
Chapter 1
1.1. Types of fingerprinting techniques used with physical, biological and chemical
characterization analysis 2
1.2. Unmixing sediment sources: Examples 4
1.3. Unmixing mineralogies of mixtures: Examples 4
1.4. Methodological Structure of Research Program 14
Chapter 2
2.1. Magnetization of domains in a multidomain grain 19
2.2. Hysteresis loop, initial magnetization curve and associated magnetic parameters 19
2.3. Remanence curve, magnetization curve and associated magnetic parameters 24
2.4. The variogram and its main components (a) and semivariance calculation for different lags (b) 27
2.5. Example dendrogram of 49 samples in a database of possible 'source' samples including
rocks, soils and pollutants and 3 sediment 'mixtures' 30
2.6. Principal Co-ordination plot for a set of magnetically different materials showing the
relationships between principal components and original parameters used. 32
2.7. Linear programming model showing constraints and optimum solution 35
Chapter 3
3.1. The Critical Rationalist View - Deductive Research Approach 39
3.2. Seeswood Pool catchment and-land uses. Core samples taken for this research are also marked. 41
3.3. HIRM-100 versus xfd for lake, topsoil and subsoil samples (a) and HIRM-100 versus xfd for
lake, topsoil and subsoil samples from different land-uses (b). (Data of Grew, 199) 44
3.4. PCA plot of Seeswood Pool soil sources and sediments 45
3.5. Number of clusters versus number of different parameters with logarithmic curve fit. 49
3.6. PCA Co-ordination plot for 63 bulk source samples. (Data of Yu, 1989; Yu and Oldfield, 1989) 49
3.7 H1RM-100 versus xlf for 63 bulk source samples. (Data of Yu, 1989; Yu and Oldfield, 1989) 49
3.8. PCA Co-ordination plot (a) and HIRM-100 versus xlf for fine particle component data (b)
(Data of Yu, 1989 and Yu and Oldfield, 1989) 50
3.9. Territorial maps for 63 bulk samples using 4 (a) and six source components (b) 51
3.10. Actual mixing input for fine particle data showing similarity between source vectors 54
3.11. Ranges of database xlf measurements (a) and xfd% values (b) 58
3.12. Maximum and minimum normalized 1RM curves for selected databases 61
3.13. Maximum and minimum normalized IRM curves for soils database (a) and synthetic database (b) 62
3.14. xfd% versus xlf (a) and xfd% versus xfd (b) for all databases 66
3.15. xfd% versus xlf (a) and xfd% versus xfd (b) for soils database 67
3.16. xfd% versus xlf (a) and xfd% versus xfd (b) for synthetic database 68
3.17. ARM versus xlf (a) and xarm versus 1RM880 for all databases 70
3.18. ARM versus xlf (a) and xarm versus IRM880 for soil database 71
3.19. ARM versus xlf (a) and xarm versus IRM880 for synthetic database 72
3.20. IRM880 versus xlf (a) and HLRM-100 versus xfd% (b) for all databases 74
3.21. IRM880 versus xlf (a) and H1RM-100 versus xfd% (b) for soils database 75
3.22. IRM880 versus xlf (a) and HIRM-100 versus xfd% (b) for synthetic database 76
3.23. xlf versus IRM880 for all databases (a) and similar data of Thompson and Oldfield (1986) (b) 78
3.24. Dendrogram using raw data for xlf, xfd, xarm, 1RM880 and HERM100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for Alldata database subset (147 cases) 80
3.25. Dendrogram using log data for xlf, xfd, xarm,IRM880 and HIRM100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for Alldata database subset (220 cases) 80
3.26. Dendrogram using raw data for xlf, xfd, xarm, IRM880 and HIRM-100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for soils database subset (31 cases) 82
3.27. Dendrogram using log data for xlf, xfd, xann, IRM880 and H1RM-100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for soils database subset (31 cases) 82
List of Figures
3.28. Dendrogram using raw data for xlf, xfd, xarm, IRM880 and HIRM-100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for geology database subset (42 cases) 83
3.29. Dendrogram using log data for xlf, xfd, xann, IRM880 and HIRM-100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for geology database subset (35 cases) 83
3.30. Dendrogram using raw data for xlf, xfd, xarm, IRM880 and HIRM-100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for pollution database subset (53 cases) 84
3.31. Dendrogram using log data for xlf, xfd, xarm, IRM880 and HERM-100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for pollution database subset (48 cases) 84
3.32. Dendrogram using raw data for xlf, xfd, xarm, IRM880 and HIRM-100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for synthetic database subset (48 cases) 85
3.33. Dendrogram using log data for xlf, xfd, xarm, IRM880 and HJRM100 and Ward's agglomeration
method for synthetic database subset (36 cases) 85
3.34. PCA co-ordination plot for Alldata database (a) and xlf versus HIFtM100 bi-variate plot (b) 87
3.35. PCA co-ordination plot for topsoils database (a) and xlf versus HERM-100 bi-variate plot (b) 87
3.36. PCA co-ordination plot for geology database (a) and xlf versus HIRM-100 bi-yariate plot (b) 88
3.37. PCA co-ordination plot for pollution database (a) and xlf versus HERM-100 bi-variate plot (b) 88
3.38. PCA co-ordination plot for synthetic database (a) and xlf versus HIRM100 bi-variate plot (b) 89
3.39. Database contents and classification work done on each: Conclusions 92
Chapter 4
4.1. Mixing methodology and analysis 95
4.2. xlf versus HIRM-100 bi-variate plot for mixing experiment 1 source components (a),
PCA co-ordination plot for mixing experiment 2 source components (b) and PCA co-ordination
plot for mixing experiment 2 source components and mixtures (c) 97
4.3. Predicted versus actual mixture measurements for mixing experiment 1 99
4.4. Predicted versus actual mixture measurements for mixing experiment 2 100
4.5. Success rate for mixing experiments (71 mixtures) 107
4.6. Hysteresis loops for VSM mixing experiment, mixture no. 73 (a) and mixture no. 75 (b) 110
4.7. Experimental testing of LINDO using a hypothetical data set 114
4.8. Normalized IRM curves for source components used in the hypothetical mixing experiment 115
4.9. Graphical representation of the linearity errors calculated between predicted and expected
measurements for the hypothetical mixing experiment 117
4.10. Particle size distributions for bedload Samples 122
4.11. Selected measurement results for bedload particle size fractions 124
4.12. Normalized IRM curves for bedload particle size fractions 125
4.13. Particle size distributions for Corley soil horizons 129
4.14. Selected measurement results for soil particle size fractions 130
4.15. Normalized IRM curves for soil horizons and particle size fractions 131
Chapter 5
5.1. Variation in susceptibility with critical magnetite grain sizes in samples (after Maher, 1988) 138
5.2. Kappa Field Surveys of Environmental Materials 140
5.3. Correlation between laboratory and field kappa measurements for geological samples 143
5.4. Kappa Transect and associated environmental information 144
5.5. Variogram for example kappa transect 146
5.6. Variograms for pasture (a) and arable (b) section of the transect 146
5.7. Variograms for ploughed soil (a) and rolled soil (b) 147
Chapter 6
6.1. Measurement-Modelling-Interpretation Methodological Framework 153
Chapter 7
7.1. Area of study showing solid geology and sampling sites 160
7.2. Defining all possible sources of beaches along the Holderness coastline 164
7.3. Beach and Kappa transects for selected Holdemess beaches 165
7.4. Particle size distributions for selected samples 170
ix
List of Figures
7.5. xlf versus xfd% for bulk samples (a) and 125-250gm fractions (b) and tentative classifications 172
7.6. HIRM+100 versus xfd% for bulk samples and tentative classification (a) and normalized 1RM
curves for selected samples (b) 173
7.7. Hysteresis loops of beach sediments and sources (125-250}1m fraction) 175
7.8. Dendrogram using raw positively skewed data and Ward's agglomeration method 176
7.9. Dendrogram using log transformed data and Ward's agglomeration method 177
7.10. PCA co-ordination plot for Holderness bulk samples and parameters used in constructing
principal components 179
7.11. xlf versus HIRM+100 for sources and beach mixtures used in linear programming routines 181
7.12. Methodological framework and routes taken in Holderness study 185
7.13. Laboratory and field kappa measurements for Lulworth Cove geological samples and beach
kappa transect 189
7.14. Correlations between field kappa and laboratory kappa measurements 191
7.15. Hysteresis loops for Lulworth Cove geological samples and magnetic mineral extracted
from beach sand 192
Chapter 8
8.1. xlf (a) and xfd% (b) results for southern England transect survey 196
8.2. xlf versus HIRM+100 for southern England transect survey soils 196
8.3. Great Rollright catchment 198
8.4. Catchment soils (a) and geology (b) 201
8.5. Land use (a) and sampling grid (b) 202
8.6. Kappa transect 1 (north to south) 204
8.7. Kappa transect 2 (west to east) 205
8.8. Variograms for Great Rollright transects 1 (a), 2 (b), joint variogram (c) and arable soils (d) 207
8.9. Variograms for in-field clay transect (a), rendzina transect (b) 208
8.10. Sampling strategy 209
8.11. Defining all possible sources within the Great Rollright catchment 209
8.12. Great Rollright source samples - xlf versus xfd% (a) and xlf versus HERM-1-300 (b) 213
8.13. Dendrogram for Great Rollright source samples using Ward's method 215
8.14. PCA ordination plot showing linear variables in relation to principal components 216
8.15. Identifying ranges of grouped sample 'sources', asterisks indicate mean, minimum, maximum,
mean-lsd and mean+lsd 219
8.16. Explaining failure in linear programming applied to sediment sources of Great Rollright 219
8.17. Methodological framework and routes taken in Great Rollright study 225
Chapter 9
9.1. Modelling Minerals 228
9.2. 1RM curves (a) and normalized 1RM curves (b) for R Thompson's and B Maher's Magnetites 231
9.3. Geological mineral VSM loops; Massive Magnetite (a), Massive Hematite (b), Lepidocrocite (c)
and Chalk (d) 232
9.4. Synthetic mineral VSM loops; SP/SD/MD Magnetite (a), Hematite (b), Manganous Carbonate (c)
and Barium Sulphate (d) 233
9.5. Normalized mineral hysteresis loops, geological minerals (a), synthetic minerals (b) 234
9.6. Lake sediment and organic matter, mass specific hysteresis loops (a) and normalized hysteresis
loops (b) 237
9.7. Range of Grain Sizes for MT Series 242
9.8. Normalized hysteresis loops for different grain size magnetites (a) and environmental samples
containing atmospheric pollutants (b) 243
9.9. Seeswood Pool soil profiles, arable (a), pasture (b) and woodland (c) 245
9.10. xlf profiles (a) and xfd% profiles (b) for Seeswood Pool soil cores 246
9.11. Seeswood Pool VSM loops; 0-2cm (a), 16-18cm (b), 28-30cm (c) and Parent Material (d) 248
9.12. Buxton soil profiles, ranker (a) and peat (b) 251
9.13. xlf profiles (a) and xfd% profiles (b) for Buxton soil cores 252
9.14. Buxton ranker VSM loops, mass specific (a) and normalized (b) 253
9.15. Buxton peat VSM loops, mass specific (a) and normalized (b) 254
9.16. Methodological framework and routes taken in mineral modelling study 258
X
List of Tables
Appendices
A1.1. Linear Additivity: A definition 294
A3.1. Susceptibility meter intensity decay of air measurement on low frequency (Kit); old sensor (a), 312
new sensor (b)
A3.2. Current (biassing field) versus ARM and xarm 314
A3.3. Molspin intensity decay curve for calibration sample (calibration: 928 at zero minutes); new
molspin (a) and old molspin (b) 315
A3.4. Coventry VSM Hysteresis loops for MT55 (a) and MT14 (b) 316
A3.5. Bangor VSM Hysteresis loops for MT55 (a) and MT14 (b) 317
A4.1. Library of IRM curves 319
A4.2. Library of Hysteresis Loops 322
A6.1. Packing Density effects on topsoil; sample weight (a), xlf (b), IRM880 (c) and S ratio (d) 330
A6.2. Packing Density effects on chimney slag; sample weight (a), xlf (b), IRM880 (c) and S ratio (d) 331
A6.3. Dilution experiment results for topsoil in calcium carbonate; xlf (a), IRM880 (b) and S ratio (c) 333
A6.4. Dilution experiment results for chimney slag in calcium carbonate; xlf (a), 1RM880 (b) 334
and S ratio (c)
List of Tables
Chapter 2
2.1. Classification of materials according to their magnetic properties and behaviour 16
2.2. Magnetic domains and their magnetic properties 21
2.3. Critical grain sizes of magnetite minerals 21
2.4. Iron oxides in soils 22
Chapter 3
3.1. Data from Yu and Oldfield (1989), Yu (1989) and data re-calculated for present re-assessment work 47
3.2. Clustering Analysis Tests 47
3.3. Linear Programming Tests (a) and Results (b) 53
3.4. Magnetic Measurements in used in classifying database samples 56
3.5. Ranges of magnetic parameters for selected linear parameters for all databases giving statistical
data and numbers of samples. 57
3.6. Correlations and probability values (p) for selected samples of the Alldata database (n=226) 60
3.7. Correlations and probability values (p) for selected samples of the geology database (n=45) 63
3.8. Correlations and probability values (p) for selected samples of the soils database (n=31) 63
3.9. Correlations and probability values (p) for the pollution database (n=60) 64
3.10. Correlations and probability values (p) for the synthetics database (n=79) 64
Chapter 4
4.1. Materials used in the Mixing Experiments 96
4.2. (a) Linearity Errors for each mixture and measurement and (b). Errors for each mixture and
measurement between LINDO predicted mixture measurement and actual measurement (%) 101
4.3. Component proportions of the mixtures and those predicted by LIND° (I-) 103
4.4. Success and failure explanations for the mixtures in experiments 1 an 2. Results are graphically
summarized in Figure 4.5 108
4.5. Hysteresis loop magnetization results (half curve) for source components and VSM mixtures
109
73 and 75. Expected results and error differences are also presented.
113
4.6. Samples chosen for each Hypothetical Mixing file
116
4.7. Results of Hypothetical Mixing Experiment
121
4.8. Collected Bedload Samples
126
4.9. Results of simultaneous equations. x = FB1, y = US1
127
4.10. Results of linear additivity tests
132
4.11. Linear additivity results
xi
List of Tables
Chapter 5
5.1. Coefficients of Variation for <2nun (a) and ground (<631im (b)) environmental materials 135
5.2. Variability results for within unit measurements relating to Figure 5.2 141
Chapter 7
7.1. Erratics reported in the tills (Catt and Madgett, 1981) and those measured (*) 162
7.2. Variability results for the kappa surveys of the tills (matrix) and beach sediments and for granite
boulders used to build the groynes at Mappleton 166
7.3: Holderness Sample descriptions 166
7.4: Correlation results for magnetic parameters 169
7.5: Cliff sources and beach mixtures used in linear programming tests 180
7.6: Linear programming results (% proportions, refer to Table 7.5 for descriptions) 182
7.7. Calibration between numbers of black sand grains of different sizes and kappa measurements 184
7.8: Samples collected from Lulworth Cove 188
7.9: Kappa results for loop survey of Lulworth Cove geologies 190
Chapter 8
8.1. Transect Survey Soil Sample Descriptions 197
8.2. Statistics for small scale grid and transect Kappa surveys 206
8.3. Sample Descriptions of bulked soils and of stream sampling points (topsoils, a and subsoils, b)
at each site. CNL=Chipping Norton Limestone, GO= Great Oolite, CG= Clypeus Grit,
pelo-stag=pelo-stagnogley and rend=rendzina 210
8.4. Selected correlation results for magnetic parameters 212
8.5. Construction of sediment sources for modelling purposes. L=Limestone, S=stream bank subsoil,
T=strearn bank topsoil and B=bulked field topsoils 217
8.6. Population statistics for the grouped samples 217
8.7. Sources used in the four linear modelling runs. Source codes are as for Table 8.4 218
8.8. Results of the linear programming runs (a) run 1, (b) run 2, (c) run 3 and (d) run 4 220
Chapter 9
9.1. Hysteresis data for pure geological and synthetic mineral source samples 235
9.2. Linear Modelling results for the sediment and organic materials using both geological and
synthetic source sample sets. xl, x2, x3 and x4 are respectively ferrimagnetic, canted-antiferromagnetic,
paramagnetic and diamagnetic components 241
9.3. Hysteresis data for selected horizons of Seeswood arable, pasture and woodland soil profiles 247
9.4. Linear Modelling results for arable, pasture and woodland Seeswood soils using geological
mineral source set 249
9.5. Hysteresis data for selected horizons of Buxton ranker and peat soil profiles 255
9.6. Linear Modelling results for Buxton ranker and peat profiles using geological mineral source set 255
Chapter 10
10.1. Possible Sources of Error causing poor overall modelling results 263
Appendices
Table A4.1. VSM data for the samples whose hysteresis curves are shown 321
Table A5.1. Matrix of Source (x) parameter values for Great Rollright Mixture 1 and associated
errors. The file is then transferred into LINDO for minimization 327
Table A5.2. UNDO file of mixture 1 showing minimization of errors (En) which are set at 0.1
for all parameters subject to the constraint x 1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1 328
Table A6.1. Dilutions made using topsoil and CaCO3 and slag and CaCO3 332
xii
List of Plates
List of Plates
Chapter 1
1.1a. Examples of natural sediment sources-coastal slumping; b. Field erosion; c. Stream bank
construction; d. Beach sediment sorting; e. Anthropogenic sources Finham sewage works; f.
Anthropogenic sources-fly ash in Seeswood Pool lake sediments 5
Chapter 3
3.1a. Seeswood Pool from weir; b. Stream 1-Pasture catchment; c. Stream 2-Arable catchment 42
Chapter 4
4.1a. River Sowe just below confluence of upper Sowe and Finham Brook; b. Corley Moor soil pit 120
Chapter 5
5.1a. Site of Corley kappa transect. In-field survey (b), tractor wheelings affect soil density and

kappa values (c) and field loop sensor, susceptibility meter and Psion data logger (d) 136
Chapter 7
7.1a. Coastal erosion at Aldbrough; b. Cliff collapse at Aldbrough; c. Cliff collapse and black
sand at Barmston; d. Bannston cliff stratigraphy; e. Cliff slumps and flows at Mappleton; f.

Skipsea and Withernsea tills at Barmston; g. Sorted black sand on ripples at Tunstall 161
7.2a. Black sand in 63-125iim grain size range from Spurn Head ; b. Black sand in 63-125m

grain size range from Barmston upper cliff sand lenses 168
7.3a. Lulworth Cove; b. Chalk bedrock and shingle ridges on beach; c. Greensand and eroded

chalk; d. Wealden beds on western side; e. Wealden beds on eastern side 187
Chapter 8
8.1a. Part of the Great Rollright Catchment from the South.; b. Confluence of Streams 1 and 2,

stream 2 flowing through Danes Bottom is on the left. 200
8.2a. Rendzina field on the north bank of stream 1 near site 1; b. Marshy area at the base of Danes
Bottom, site 2; c. Wooded stretch of stream 2 near site 3; d. Rendzina field either side of stream 1
at site 5. Platy limestone stones cover the fields between streams 1 and 2; e. Right angle bend in
stream 1 near site 7; f. Sewage works on stream 1 between sites 7 and 8; g. Open banks of stream 1
and makeshift crossing near site 9; h. Tile drains and poaching delivering sediment to stream 1

between sites 11 and 12; i. Marshy stream 1 bed and evidence of poaching/bank collapse at site 12 211
Chapter 9
9.1a. Massive and crystal magnetite; b. Phyrrotite; c. Crystal maghemite; d. Massive hematite;
e. Lepidocrocite; f. Goethite 229
9.2a. Magnetic extract from Seeswood Pool lake surface sediment (*100); b. Magnetic extract from
Alice Holt Forest organic matter (*100 and inset *400) 238
9.3a. Magnetic extract from Seeswood Pool topsoil (*100); b. Magnetic extract of Gulson Hospital
boiler chimney slag (*100) 239
9.4a. Spherical atmospheric fly ash particle magnetically extracted from Seeswood Pool surface lake
sediments; b. Bacterial aggregate with mucus chain magnetically extracted from Seeswood surface
lake sediments (Nigel Parker pers. comm.) 240
Appendices
A3.1. Bartington MS2 Susceptibility meters 311
A3.2. Molspin Instruments AC Field Magnetometer 311
A3.3. Molspin Instruments Fluxgate 'Minispin' Magnetometer and free standing Vibrating Sample
Magnetometer 311
List of Appendices
List of Appendices
1 Magnetic Measurements and their interpretation - Routine and VSM 291
Part I: Standard Parameters 291
Part 2: VSM Parameters 292
Part 3: Linear Parameter Interpretation 293
Part 4: Linear Additivity: A Definition 294
2 Database Contents and Data Listings 295
2.1. Database Contents 295
2.2. Data from Yu (1989) 304
2.3 Data from Grew (1990) 306
3 Magnetic Instrumentation: Its calibration and accuracy 310
3.1 Susceptibility Meter (MS2B) 310
3.2 AC Field Magnetometer. 310
3.3 Molspin 313
3.4 Calibration of VSM Coventry with Bangor VSM 313
4 Example 1RM Curves and Hysteresis Loops 318
5 Computer Program Listings 324
5.1. Data handling programs 324
(a) MPSGENS - Strips tabs from spreadsheet text files 325
(b) MPSGEN3 - Formats MPSGENS into .MPS files for Lindo input (version 3) 326
(c) MPSCOMP - Compares two .MPS (Lindo) files, one input and one output
side by side to ensure correct and error free data entry 326
(d) TABn - Inputs tabs between all data in columns for spreadsheet entry (version)
for files with various column numbers 326
5.2. Other programs
(e) SEMIVARI - Calculates semivariance, auto-covariance, auto-correlation and
population statistics for transect or grid data 327
5.3. Example LINDO data files 327
6 Dilution and Packing Density Experiments 329
6.1 Packing density and its effects on magnetic properties of materials 329
6.2 Dilution of magnetic minerals and its effects on magnetic properties of materials 332
7 Papers and internal reports 335
Part 1: Lees, J. A. 1993. Hysteresis Properties of Environmental and Synthetic Materials:
Linear Additivity and Interaction Effects. Submitted to Geophysical Journal International. 335
Part 2: Lees, J. A. and Pethick, J. S. 1994. Problems associated with Quantitative Magnetic
Sources of Sediments of the Holderness Coastline, North Yorkshire, UK. Submitted
to Earth Surface Process and Landform. 350
Part 3: Lees, J. A. and Dearing, J. A. 1994. Use of VSM Generated Hysteresis Loops in
Environmental Magnetism: Advantages and Comparisons to Other Measuring
Equipment. Environmental Magnetism Laboratory Working Paper No. I. Geography
Division, Coventry University. 361
x i v
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by a Coventry University Research Initiative Grant (formerly PCFC)
held by Dr. J. Dearing and Dr. F. P. Lockett.
I thank Dr. John Dearing for supervision and advice on the writing of this thesis and for making
corrections. I would like to thank Dr. Peter Lockett for his supervision and invaluable help with
the mathematical aspects of this work and reading, correcting and making useful comments on this
thesis. Special thanks also my father, Mr. S. J. Lees for reading and correcting a draft of the text
and Dr. Angela Browne who so carefully proof read the final draft.
Continued encouragement and advice from many members of staff in the Geography Department at
Coventry University have made it possible for me to complete this research, especially Prof.
David Smith, Drs. Ian Foster, David Keen, Brian Ilberry, Alistair Dawson and Serwan Baban. I
especially thank Drs. Hazel Barrett, Philip Nicholls and Angela Browne for giving much needed
moral support throughout the research. I must also thank many of the postgrads for their 'life
saving' support and 'interesting research ideas' (amongst other things) especially Sue
Charlesworth, Rebecca Dann, Steven Wade, Lois Mansfield, Lewis Holloway, Sue Dawson,
Keiran Hickey, Catherine Kelly, Dale Howes and Karen Hay. Mr. S. J. Lees and Rebecca Dann
provided invaluable field assistance throughout the research.
Sincere thanks go to Prof. Roy Chantrell and Dr. Kevin O'Grady for help with fine particle
physics and useful experimental ideas and OIRM data. Prof. John Pethick initiated the Holderness
study and I thank him for showing us the Holderness area and its erosional problems. Dr.
Barbara Maher provided useful discussions on synthetic magnetites and thanks go to her for
allowing further measurement of her MT samples. I thank Dr. Nigel Parker for his interest and
experimentation with 'magnetic bacteria'. Thanks to Dr. David Keen for identification of
numerous geological samples. Useful discussion was also provided by Prof. Roy Carey, Drs.
Lizhong Yu, Peter Loveland, Roy Thompson and Margaret Oliver on certain aspects of the work.
I thank Mr. Chris White for allowing measurement of his dissertation soil samples.
Thanks also to Dr. Bob Jones for help with the photographing of the microscope slides and Mr.
S. J. Lees for training in development and enlargement of the photographs. I would like to thank
Mrs. Shirley Addleton, Miss Ruth Gaskell and Mr. Lorne Elliot for cartographic advice and
computer assistance and Mrs. E Turner for laboratory guidance and technical discussion. I would
also like to thank Mrs. Christene Dawson who provided the SEM and XRD analysis results.
I would like to thank my family for continued support and encouragement throughout.
XV