Modelling of Soil Behaviour with Hypoplasticity: Another Approach to Soil Constitutive Modelling

198 Pages·2019·14.39 MB·English

by  David Mašín

Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering
David Mašín
Modelling of Soil
Behaviour with
Hypoplasticity
Another Approach to Soil Constitutive
Modelling
Springer Series in Geomechanics
and Geoengineering
Series editor
Wei Wu, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria
e-mail: [email protected]
Geomechanicsdealswiththeapplicationoftheprincipleofmechanicstogeomaterials
including experimental, analytical and numerical investigations into the mechani-
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researchers, the series provides valuable references for engineering practitioners
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8069
ší
David Ma n
Modelling of Soil Behaviour
with Hypoplasticity
Another Approach to Soil Constitutive
Modelling
123
DavidMašín
Faculty of Science
CharlesUniversity
Prague,Czech Republic
ISSN 1866-8755 ISSN 1866-8763 (electronic)
SpringerSeries inGeomechanics andGeoengineering
ISBN978-3-030-03975-2 ISBN978-3-030-03976-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03976-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018960755
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This book is dedicated to my grandfather
Preface
Hypoplasticity has been around for some thirtyyears now. Starting from the crazy
andyetbrilliantideaofDimitriosKolymbasin1980s,itmaturedinthefirsthalfof
1990sintoapowerfulapproachtotheconstitutivemodellingofgranularmaterials.
This quick evolution would not be possible without a strong team of talented
researchers working at the University of Karlsruhe at that time under the guidance
ofGerdGudehus.Anyoneinterestedinhypoplasticityisfamiliarwiththenamesof
IvoHerle,AndrzejNiemunis,WeiWu,ErichBauer,PeterA.vonWolffersdorffand
others,whomadesignificantcontributionstothedevelopmentoftheearlymodels.
After extremely productive years in the 1990s, hypoplasticity development
slowed down, as members of the original group found their senior positions at
various institutions across Europe, often as distinguished professors or respected
practitioners. This is the time when I came across this modelling approach.
InfluencedbymyPh.D.supervisorIvoHerle,readingtextsabouthypoplasticityby
AndrzejNiemunisandeducatedabout theclay behaviourbySarah Stallebrassand
JohnAtkinson,Istartedtotinkerwithmyownmodelsforclays.Inthisbook,Iboth
cover the original models, which are considered as a standard to represent the
behaviour of sands, and the new developments.
Anyone involved in advanced geotechnical modelling knows that producing a
constitutivemodelisonlyone,andarguablytheeasier,partofthestory.Theother
part is to transfer the models from scientific publications to daily geotechnical
practice. Practitioners, bound by codes of practice and various legal requirements,
are often reluctant to consider advanced material models, although it has been
shown many times that they lead to more reliable design, potentially resulting in
significant cost saving in the design process. In my opinion, the way out of this
predicament is to keep educating students and practitioners about how these
advanced models work, what is their merit and how to use them and make them
accessible in the simulation codes they use.
This book is an attempt to attain this target, along with advanced modelling
courses,thatIhavebeenteachingformanyyears.Infact,thisbookevolvedinpart
from the course material. Using simple scalar and vectorial examples, I try to
explainthestructureofthemathematicalformulationofhypoplasticity,whichmay
vii
viii Preface
be hard to appreciate in tensorial equations of the final models. Subsequently,
completemodelsarecoveredandexplainedinthedetailrequiredfortheirthorough
understanding.
The other task, that is easier accessibility of the advanced models, is addressed
throughtheSoilModelsproject(https://soilmodels.com).Establishedbackin2007,
it has since evolved into an interactive website providing tools supporting mod-
elling workflow for a geotechnical engineer. This involves selection of an appro-
priate material model, its parameter determination, providing model plugins for
variousfiniteelementpackagesandprovidingaplatformtodiscusspotentialissues
with other members of the community.
We had the original idea to write a book about hypoplasticity with Ivo Herle
backin2010.Astimewenton,Ivorealisedhewasunabletocontribute,beingbusy
with his position as professor, and later dean, so I continued alone. As periods of
book writing enthusiasm were followed by periods of business with other matters,
finishing the book took longer than expected, which also allowed me to include
material developed in the meanwhile. I hope the book will serve its purpose and
help to promote this elegant approach to advanced geomaterial modelling among
students, senior academics and practitioners.
Prague, Czech Republic David Mašín
September 2018
Acknowledgements
My research works, and consequently also the content of this book, have been
influenced by my teachers from the early stages of my career, who later became
respectfulcolleagues always willing todiscussnew approachesanddevelopments,
in particular Ivo Herle, who was my Ph.D. supervisor, and who always remained
supportive throughout the years, when we had less chance toworktogether dueto
other commitments and Jan Boháč, my soil mechanics teacher and colleague from
our small research group at Charles University. My work on hypoplasticity was
greatly influenced by the contribution of Andrzej Niemunis, who laid down fun-
damentals, which I could build on. My thinking was influenced in many ways by
many other people with whom I had a chance to work, including the prominent
researchers like Gerd Gudehus, Nasser Khalili, Dimitrios Kolymbas, Charles W.
W. Ng, Sarah Stallebrass, Claudio Tamagnini and Cino Viggiani.
Financial support by Center for Geosphere Dynamics (UNCE/SCI/006), by
Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 (grant No. 745942) and by
Czech Science Foundation (grant No. 17-21903S) are greatly appreciated.
ix
Contents
Part I Fundamentals
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Notation and Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Constitutive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Graphical Representation of Tangential Stiffness: Response
Envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Constitutive Model Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Elasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2 Elasto-Plasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.3 Hypoplasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Soil Mechanical Behaviour and Its Modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Stiffness Non-linearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.1 Local Measurement of Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Stiffness Measurement by Shear Wave Propagation . . . . . . 17
2.1.3 Modelling of Stiffness Non-linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Asymptotic Behaviour of Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 Asymptotic State Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.2 Experimental Investigation of Soil Asymptotic
Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.3 Discrete Element Investigation of Soil Asymptotic
Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.4 Constitutive Modelling of Soil Asymptotic Behaviour . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 Simple Scalar and Vectorial Hypoplastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1 Scalar Models for Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.1 Elasto-Plastic Scalar Model for Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.2 Hypoplastic Scalar Model for Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
xi