modelling mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced metal matrix ...

325 Pages·2017·5 MB·English

Sudan University of Science and Technology
College of Graduate studies

MODELLING MECHANICAL AND THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES
REINFORCED METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

ﻲﻧﺪﻌﻤﻟا نﺎﻨﻜﻟا تاذ تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯾراﺮﺤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻜﯿﻧﺎﻜﯿﻤﻟا صاﻮﺨﻟا ﺔﺟﺬﻤﻧ

ﮫﯾﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا نﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا تﺎﻧاﻮﻄﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻤﻋﺪﻤﻟا

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical
Engineering

Prepared by: GEHAD G.S. HAMDAN
Supervised by: PROF. SAAD MOHAMED AHMED SULIMAN
Co-Supervisor: ASSOC.PROF. DR. AL-KHAWAD ALI ELFAKI

ـھ1438 - م2017
DECLARATION

I, the signing here-under, declare that I’m the sole author of the Ph.D. thesis entitled:
Modeling Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced
Metal Matrix Composites, which is an original intellectual work. Willingly, I assign
the copy-right of this work to the College of Graduate Studies (CGS), Sudan University
of Science and Technology (SUST). Accordingly, SUST has all the rights to publish
this work for scientific purposes.

Candidate’s name: Gehad G.S. Hamdan
Candidate’s signature:
Date:

ii
ل(cid:3531)(cid:3571)ﻬﺘﺳ(cid:3529)(cid:3570)ا

(76) ﺔﯾﻵا ﻒﺳﻮﯾ ةرﻮﺳ

“We raise by grades (of mercy) whom We will, and
over every lord of knowledge there is one more knowing. “
Joseph; Verses76
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DEDICATION

Specially dedicated to the memory of my
Parents

To Adib DAJANI, words are short to depict the
proper image he deserves

To Rodwan, Taha, Salsabeel, and Farah who
have given my life a new light, value and
made me see unique and especial.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my most sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to Prof.
Saad Mohamed Ahmed Suliman the chairman of my supervisory committee, for his
excellent supervision, constructive comments. My thanks also goes to the members of
my supervisory committee, Dr. Al-Khawad Ali Elfaki for his ennobling association, and
for giving me another dimension to life and taking time off from his busy schedule to
serve in the committee. My thanks also go to Dr. Mohanad Al-Herbawi, Dr. Ali Matar,
Dr. Mohamed Aqel, and Dr-Abdul Hafeez Eleila for the tremendous help they offered;
constant encouragement, support, their guidance and assistance were priceless, so also
their fruitful suggestions, support and vision and unfailing help during my research
work.
I would like to express my gratitude to all staff members of department of Mechanical
engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and the College of Graduate Studies, Sudan
University of Science and Technology, for their kind assistance during my studies.
It is worth to mention my friends and colleagues from whom I received direct and
indirect support; I would like to thank Dr. Fares Elsagga, Mr. Medhat Hassan, Mr.
Mohanad Khairy, Mr. Munther Ahmed, Mr. Musbah, and all friends whose names have
not been mentioned, for their companionship support and concern.
Above all, I would like to thank my wife, brothers, and sisters for their sacrifice,
patience, understanding, help and encouragement throughout the study.
Last, but definitely not least, many thanks to my family friends (Nimat Dajani) for their
tremendous support and help.
There are some supporting people that I might have forgotten a big thank you to
everyone who have helped me in one way or another. My humblest apologies to those
are not cited here among these lines but they have earned it for themselves by being the
most generous and helpful.

v
ABSTRACT

The research dealt with the implementation of a macro working under ANSYS
to enable simulation a set of models using square representative volume element and a
MATLAB code using the theories available for predicting nanocomposites properties in
terms of longitudinal and transverse Young’s modulus, shear modulus, major Poisson’s
ratio, and study the impact of different geometric and distribution of carbon nanotubes
on four factors affecting the thermal conductivity of nanocomposites which are length,
diameter, resistance between carbon nanotubes and metal matrix and finally the volume
fraction of carbon nanotubes in the metal matrix to predict the mechanical and thermal
properties of the carbon nanotubes reinforced metal matrix related to this research and
then compared. The research used three metals: iron, copper and aluminum, which were
reinforced by three types of carbon nanotubes to be studied according to two cases: the
first case is the assumption that the carbon nanotubes as long fiber and placed
throughout the square representative volume element and the second case, the carbon
nanotubes will treated as short fiber. The problem of the research was the understanding
of mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced metal matrix is not
enough and scare, which affect choosing the optimal design for use in the
nanotechnology engineering fields because of the difficulty and cost of conducting
experiments due to the small size of the components. Modeling and computer
simulation therefore play an important role in predicting the properties of these
composite materials. The importance of the research stems from the increasing interest
in composite materials in recent years as an engineering material. These materials have
proved very successful in various fields due to their unique properties. Nanotechnology
has become one of the most important and exciting fields in physics, chemistry, biology,
engineering and many other fields. It has given great hope to scientific revolutions that
will change the way of technology and have now received great attention because of its
promising applications. The concept of nanotechnology is based on the use of carbon
nanotubes because of its outstanding properties which was the inspiration for many
research and scientific publications in this field and become an important element for
the development of a new generation of composite materials specifically in the field of
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reinforcing metal matrix. The results were obtained by using the macro to simulate the
geometry of the different models, which showed a good agreement with the analytical
results using the MATLAB code. Consequently, the results showed that the effect of the
various factors contributed to increasing the effectiveness of the mechanical and thermal
conductivity properties predicted by different Theoretical models. Since theoretical
models are based on different assumptions, these assumptions also affect such
characteristics theoretically, experimentally through various computational methods as
well as modeling work using different simulations. The research recommended the need
to do more specialized research on some subjects that can be done by these models.

vii
ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا

مﺎﺠﺣأ جذﺎﻤﻧ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ANSYS ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﯾ وﺮﻛﺎﻣ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ لﺎﺠﻣ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ
ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو ﺔﻠﺛﺎﻤﺘﻤﻟا مﺎﺠﺣﻷا تﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﮫﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟ ةﺎﻛﺎﺤﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﯿﻟ ﮫﻠﺛﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﮫﻌﺑﺮﻣ
ﺔﯿھﺎﻨﺘﻣ تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟ تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺤﻟا هﺬھ ﻞﺜﻤﻟ ةﺮﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا تﺎﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ MATLAB ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﯾ
ﺔﯿﺳﺪﻨﮭﻟا لﺎﻜﺷﻻا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺔﺳاردو ﺺﻘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ و ،ﻎﻧﻮﯾ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ بﺎﺴﺣ ﺚﯿﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻐﺼﻟا
ﺔﯾﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ يراﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﯿﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻊﺑرا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﯾﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا ﺐﯿﺑﺎﻧﻻا ﻊﯾزﻮﺗو
ﻢﺠﺣ اﺮﯿﺧأو ﮫﺑ ةدﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻧﺪﻌﻤﻟا نﺎﻨﻜﻟا و ﺔﯾﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا ﺐﯿﺑﺎﻧﻷا ﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣو ،ﺮﻄﻘﻟا لﻮطو لﻮﻄﻟا ﻰھو
ﺔﯾراﺮﺤﻟاو ﺔﯿﻜﯿﻧﺎﻜﯿﻤﻟا صاﻮﺨﻠﻟ ﺔﻣزﻼﻟا تﺎﺑﺎﺴﺤﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟ ﻚﻟذو ﻲﻧﺪﻌﻤﻟا نﺎﻨﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ نﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا ﺐﯿﺑﺎﻧأ
ﻢﺛ ﻦﻣو ﺔﺳارﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا نﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا ﺐﯿﺑﺎﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻤّﻋﺪﻤﻟاو ﻲﻧﺪﻌﻤﻟا نﺎﻨﻜﻟا تاذ تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻠﻟ
ﻢﺗ ﺚﯿﺣ ،مﻮﯿﻨﻣﻮﻟﻷاو سﺎﺤﻨﻟاو ﺪﯾﺪﺤﻟا ﻲھو ؛ﺔﯿﻧﺪﻌﻣ داﻮﻣ ثﻼﺛ تﺪﻤﺘﻋا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا هﺬھ .ﺎﻤﮭﺘﻧرﺎﻘﻣ
ﻰھو ﻰﻟوﻻا ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا : ﻦﯿﺘﻟﺎﺤﻟ ﺎﻘﻓو ﺎﮭﺘﺳارﺪﻟ ﺔﯾﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا نﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا ﺐﯿﺑﺎﻧأ ﻦﻣ عاﻮﻧأ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﺑ ﻢﮭﻤﯿﻋﺪﺗ
ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﺎﻣأ ﺔﻠﺛﺎﻤﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﺑﺮﻤﻟا مﻮﺠﺤﻟا لﻮﻄﻟ ﺎﯾوﺎﺴﻣ ﺔﯿﻧﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا ﺐﯿﺑﺎﻧﻻا لاﻮط نﻮﻜﯾ نا ﺔﯿﺿﺮﻓ
ﻢﮭﻓ نأ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﺖﻠﺜﻤﺗ .ندﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ عاﻮﻧأ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻢﯿﻋﺪﺘﻟ ةﺮﯿﺼﻗ لاﻮطا ﻊﻣ نﻮﻜﺘﺴﻓ
ىدأ ىﺬﻟا ﺮﻣﻷا فﺎﻛ ﺮﯿﻏ لاﺰﯾ ﻻ ﺔﯿﻧﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا ﺔﯾﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا ﺐﯿﺑﺎﻧﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﻤﻋﺪﻤﻟا داﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﻜﯿﻧﺎﻜﯿﻤﻟا صاﻮﺨﻟا
ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟ ﺔﯿﺳﺪﻨﮭﻟا تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻨﻣ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻞﺜﻣﻻا ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺘﻟا رﺎﯿﺘﺧا ﺔﯾدوﺪﺤﻣو ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻ ﻰﻟا
ﮫﺟﺬﻤﻨﻟا نﺈﻓ اﺬﮭﻟ تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻢﺠﺣ ﺮﻐﺼﻟ اﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻌﻤﻟا برﺎﺠﺘﻟا ءاﺮﺟا ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺗو ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟ ﻚﻟذو ﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا
ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺖﻌﺒﻧ . ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا هﺬھ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﺑ ﺆﺒﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣﺎھ ارود ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ﺔﯿﺑﻮﺳﺎﺤﻟا ةﺎﻛﺎﺤﻤﻟاو
هﺬھ ﺖﺘﺒﺛأ ﺪﻗو ﺔﯿﺳﺪﻨھ ةدﺎﻤﻛ ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟا داﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ مﺎﻤﺘھﻻا دﺎﯾدزا ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا
ﺖﺤﺒﺻأ ﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺗ نا ﺚﯿﺣو ، ةﺪﯾﺮﻔﻟا ﺎﮭﺻاﻮﺨﻟ ﻚﻟذو تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻓ اﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﺎﺣﺎﺠﻧ داﻮﻤﻟا
ةﺪﯾﺪﻋ تﻻﺎﺠﻣو ﺔﺳﺪﻨﮭﻟاو ءﺎﯿﺣﻷا ،ءﺎﯿﻤﯿﻜﻟا ،ءﺎﯾﺰﯿﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ةرﺎﺛإو ﺔﯿﻤھأ ﺮﺜﻛﻷا تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﯿﻠط ﻲﻓ
ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻟا ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺖﯿﻈﺣو ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺘﻟا ﮫﺟو ﺮﯿﻐﺘﺳ ﺔﯿﻤﻠﻋ تارﻮﺜﻟ ًاﺮﯿﺒﻛ ًﻼﻣأ ﺖﻄﻋأ ﺪﻘﻓ .ىﺮﺧأ
،ﺔﯾﺮﻜﺴﻌﻟا ،ﺔﯿﺒﻄﻟا تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺖﻠﻤﺷ ةﺮﯿﺜﻛو ةﺪﻋاو تﺎﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﻦﻣ ﮫﺗﺪﺑأ ﺎﻤﻟ ًاﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﯿﺒﻜﻟا مﺎﻤﺘھﻻﺎﺑ
ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻋ ﻢﻋد ﻲﻟإ ﻚﻟذ ىدأو ،ﺎھﺮﯿﻏو ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ،ﺔﯿﺋﺎﯿﻤﯿﻛوﺮﺘﯿﺒﻟا ،ﺔﯿﺑﻮﺳﺎﺤﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ،تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻا
تﺎﻧاﻮﻄﺳا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا ﺔﯿﻨﻘﺗ مﻮﮭﻔﻣ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ .ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا ثﺎﺤﺑﻷ ﻊﺳاو ﻲﺨﺳ
ثﻮﺤﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻠﻟ مﺎﮭﻟﻻا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ تاﺰﯿﻤﻣو ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﮫﻜﻠﻤﺗ ﺎﻤﻟ اﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﯾﻮﻧﺎﻨﻟا نﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا
viii
ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻞﯿﺟ ﺮﯾﻮﻄﺘﻟ ﺎﻣﺎھ اﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺒﺻا ﺚﯿﺣ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا هﺬھ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻤﻠﻌﻟا تاﺮﺸﻨﻟاو
ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣإ تﺎﺒﺛإ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟدﻷا ﺾﻌﺑ كﺎﻨھو ةﺮﯿﺧﻷا تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ مﺎﻤﺘھﻻا ﻦﻣ ﺮﯿﺜﻜﻟا ﺖﻘﻠﺗ و
.ﻲﻧﺪﻌﻤﻟا نﺎﻨﻜﻟا تاذ تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟا ﺔﯾﻮﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ نﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا ﺐﯿﺑﺎﻧأ
ﺔﯿﺳﺪﻨﮭﻟا ةﺎﻛﺎﺤﻤﻠﻟ وﺮﻛﺎﻤﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻢﺗ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﻌﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﻠﺻﻮﺗ
MATLAB ﺔﯿﺠﻣﺮﺑ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﯿﻠﯿﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﻊﻣ اﺪﯿﺟ ﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ تﺮﮭظا ﺚﯿﺣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا جذﺎﻤﻨﻠﻟ
ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ةدﺎﯾز ﻲﻓ ﻢھﺎﺳ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ نأ تﺮﮭظا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا نﺈﻓ ،ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﺎﻨﺑو
ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا جذﺎﻤﻨﻟا نا ﺚﯿﺣو .ﺔﯾﺮﻈﻨﻟا جذﺎﻤﻨﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎﮭﺑ تﺄﺒﻨﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﯾراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﺻﻮﻤﻟا و ﺔﻧوﺮﻤﻟا
، ﺎﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﻟا هﺬھ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻀﯾأ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ تﺎﺿاﺮﺘﻓﻻا هﺬھ ، ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎﺿاﺮﺘﻓا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﺗ
ةﺎﻛﺎﺤﻤﻟا ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﮫﺟﺬﻤﻨﻟا ﻞﻤﻋ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺎﺴﺤﻟا قﺮﻄﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﯿﺒﯾﺮﺠﺗو
ثﺎﺤﺑﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺪﯾﺰﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﻋ ةروﺮﺿ ﺎﮭﻨﻣ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ دﺪﻋ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﻠﺻﻮﺗ .ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا
.ﺎﮭﯿﻠﻋ جذﺎﻤﻨﻟا هﺬھ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Page
DECLARATION ii
ل(cid:3531)(cid:3571)ﻬﺘﺳ(cid:3529)(cid:3570)ا iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS x
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxxiv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Significance of the Research 3
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Objectives 5
1.5 Research Limitations 5
1.6 Thesis Layout 5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview 7
2.2 Nanocomposites Materials 7
2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8
2.3.1 Atomic Structure 9
2.3.2 Bonding Mechanism 11
2.3.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 14
2.3.4 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 14
2.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes Applications and Challenges 16
2.4 Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite Materials 16
2.4.1 Metal Matrix Composites with Carbon Nanotube
Reinforcement 17
2.4.2 Potential and Current Challenges 17
2.5 Mechanics of Materials 22
2.5.1 Fiber Content, Density, and Void Content 23
2.5.2 Fiber-Matrix Interaction 25
2.5.3 Unidirectional Composite 25
2.6 Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials 26
2.6.1 Determination of Elastic Properties for
Continuous Fiber Composites 26
2.6.2 Determination of Elastic Properties for Short 35
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