Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics PDF
Preview Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics
Cities and Nature Dan Malkinson Danny Czamanski Itzhak Benenson E ditors Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics Cities and Nature Series Editors Danny Czamanski, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Itzhak Benenson, Department of Geography and Human Environment, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Henk Folmer, Department of Economic Geography, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ElenaIrwin,Agricultural,EnvironmentalandDevelopmentEconomics,TheOhio State University, Colombus, Ohio, USA For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10068 . Dan Malkinson (cid:129) Danny Czamanski (cid:129) Itzhak Benenson Editors Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics Editors DanMalkinson DannyCzamanski GeographyandEnvironmentalStudies FacultyofArchitecture andTheGolanResearchInstitute andTownPlanning UniversityofHaifa Technion-IsraelInstituteofTechnology Haifa,Israel Haifa,Israel ItzhakBenenson DepartmentofGeographyand HumanEnvironment Tel-AvivUniversity TelAviv,Israel ISBN978-3-642-40198-5 ISBN978-3-642-40199-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-40199-2 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013956426 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Following the publication of our review paper concerned with the interaction of urban spatial evolution and ecosystems in 2008 (Czamanski et al. 2008) we received considerable reactions that included some criticism, doubts and much encouragement. We decided to start a major research project to place the various claims on a sound scientific basis. We were fortunate to receive funding from the IsraelScienceFoundationandfromthegovernmentofLowerSaxony.Soonafter, we signed contracts to publish two books in a new series to be published by Springer andentitledCities andNature.Thisedited volume is the first ofthe two books. Our aim was to study the phenomena highlighted in our review paper and to presentourresultsinonebook.Inparticular,wesetouttoexploretheinteractions among the evolution of urban built areas, urban and peri-urban agriculture, open space networks and biodiversity. Among other activities, we decided to invite a groupofscholarstoaddressthesameissues,toexploretheirfindingsandtopublish them in an edited volume. In 2010 we were successful to obtain funding for an extended workshop to be held at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in earlyOctober2011.ForthiswearegratefultotheAzrieliFund.Thecontributorsto theeditedvolumewereaskedtopresentattheworkshoptheirinitialchapters.After the workshop the chapters underwent major revisions and review process. The chaptersinthisvolumerepresentthefruitsofthiseffort. Theparticipantsintheworkshopsincluded11scholarsfromEuropeandNorth America. Each participant presented their workand receivedextensive comments fromotherparticipantsandtheeditors.Thechaptersweresubmittedandunderwent anotherroundofreview,commentsandcorrections.Wearegratefultotheauthors fortheirwillingnesstoparticipateintheprolongedreviewandcorrectionsprocess. Wearecertainthattheresultsprovideaninterestingplatformforcontinuedstudyof theinteractionsofcitiesandnatureandaworthyfoiltoourupcomingvolumethat exploresthesameissuesasaresultofourmajorresearcheffort. v vi Preface Reference Czamanski, D., Benenson, I., Malkinson, D., Marinov, M., Roth, R., & Wittenberg, L. (2008). Urban dynamics and ecosystems. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics,2,1–45. Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 DannyCzamanski,ItzhakBenenson,andDanMalkinson TheImpactofLand-UsePolicyonUrbanFringeDynamics. . . . . . . . . 9 EricKoomenandJasperDekkers Long-TermChangesintheConfigurationofAgriculture andNaturalAreasAroundCitiesintheNetherlands(1900–1990). . . . . 37 ErezHatnaandMarthaM.Bakker InvestigatingLand-UseDynamicsatthePeripheryofa Fast-GrowingCitywithCellularAutomataatTwoSpatialScales. . . . . 51 DanielleJ.Marceau,FangWang,andNishadWijesekara TheSpatialMorphologyofOporto’sUrbanFringe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 MiguelSerraandPauloPinho VascularPlantSpeciesRichnessPatternsinUrbanEnvironments: CaseStudiesfromHannover,GermanyandHaifa,Israel. . . . . . . . . . . 107 SarahMatthies,DaniellaKopel,StefanRu¨ter,MarinaToger,Ru¨digerPrasse, DanielCzamanski,andDanMalkinson FutureSuburbanDevelopmentandtheEnvironmental ImplicationsofLawns:ACaseStudyinNewEngland,USA. . . . . . . . . 119 DanielMillerRunfola,ColinPolsky,NickGiner,RobertGilmorePontiusJr., andCraigNicolson LandUse-LandCoverDynamicsattheMetropolitanFringe. . . . . . . . . 143 DanielFelsenstein,MichalLichter,EyalAshbel,andA.YairGrinberger LichensandPlantsinUrbanEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 GregoryE.InsarovandIrinaD.Insarova vii Introduction DannyCzamanski,ItzhakBenenson,andDanMalkinson Thedrivingideasatthebackdropofthecurrentdiscussionofurbanization,sprawl and sustainability is the notion that urbanization is associated with low-density sprawl(DuanyandTalen2002;Sushinskyetal.2013)andthatsprawlreducesthe amount of open spaces, fragments open spaces (Forman 1995, p. 418) and as a result adversely affects biodiversity (Fahrig 2001; Fahrig 2003; Alberti 2005; Donnelly and Marzluff 2006; Groom et al. 2006; Theobald et al. 2012). It is far from certain that these notions describe precisely the extant reality. While sprawl does reduce the amount of open space within boundaries of cities and does cause fragmentation, it does not necessarily reduce biodiversity. In some cities, the fragmented patches of open spaces remain interconnected allowing living spaces for plants and animals. Indeed, some view polycentric urban expansion as an opportunity to possible amelioration of declining biodiversity (Czamanski etal.2008). Thereisagrowingpublicinterestintheimpactofurbanizationonsustainability and in government actions to mitigate associated adverse repercussions on biodi- versity. While much effort is being devoted to fashion policies, the relevant discourseandconsequentpolicyprescriptionsarebroad,oftenvagueandobscured bystylizedfactsandexcessivelybroadconceptionsoftherelevantphenomena. D.Czamanski(*) FacultyofArchitectureandTownPlanning,Technion-IsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa, Israel e-mail:[email protected] I.Benenson DepartmentofGeographyHumanEnvironment,Tel-AvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel e-mail:[email protected] D.Malkinson GeographyandEnvironmentalStudiesandTheGolanResearchInstitute,UniversityofHaifa, Haifa,Israel e-mail:[email protected] D.Malkinsonetal.(eds.),ModelingofLand-UseandEcologicalDynamics,Citiesand 1 Nature,DOI10.1007/978-3-642-40199-2_1,©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 2 D.Czamanskietal. Itisthepurposeoftheproposedbooktoshedlightontheobscureandtoplace the discussion on a solid scientific basis. The contributors to this volume are an activegroupofscholarsthatspanvariousdisciplines,utilizeadvancedmethodsand make use of the vast, spatially detailed data that has become available in recent years.Theirworkmodelstherelevantphenomenapreciselyandprovidesabasisfor carefullyfashionedalternatepolicies. Themajorobjectivesoftheproposedbookareto: • Describe conceptual models of the interactions among the three main types of land-uses:urban,agriculturalandnatural. • Characterizethedynamicsofcity-agriculture-natureinterfaces. • Illustrate the conceptual models by means of case studies so as to reveal the particularforcesandinteractionsthatgoverntherespectiveinterfacedynamics. • Developandintroduceland-usepolicies,planningmeasuresandland-useplan- ningtoolstopromotethesustainabilityofboundaryareas. • Assesstherelationshipbetweendifferenttaxaofspeciesandthestructureofthe urbanlandscape. The significance of these studies should be understood in the context of the growing urbanization of the world. In the middle of the second decade of the twenty-first century, over 50 % of the world’s population is living in cities. This is remarkable since the process of urbanization that brought this about started in earnestlessthan200yearsago.Atthattime,thenumberofpeoplelivingincities was only about 2 %. By 1900, the number of urbanites grew to 12 % (United NationsPopulationDivision2002).Inotherwords,thelast100yearswitnesseda huge human migrationinto cities. The slow clustering ofpeopleinto small settle- mentsduringearlybiblicaltimes,intovillagesandtownssome3,000yearsagoand eventually into cities some 200 years ago has given rise now to a veritable flood. While forecasts of the world’s future urban population are marred by many difficulties, including differences among countries in the definition of cities and urbanareasaswellasinforecastingmethods,theUnitedNationshaspreparedsuch forecasts.Ofthemorethan2.2billionintheworld’spopulationthatwillbeadded until the year 2030, some 95 % will live in cities (Cohen 2003). The world’s populationandeconomicactivitiesareincreasinglyconcentratedinspace. Scholarlyinterestintheunevengeographicevolutionoftheworld’spopulation andofeconomicactivitiesstartedwithvonThunen,alsoalmosttwocenturiesago (Thu¨nen 1826). It has been growing slowly, but steadily, ever since. A major impetusforthiswastheearlyworkofthelateWalterIsard(1956).Butthescientific interestinurbanphenomenapeakedduringthelastdecadeofthetwentiethcentury andthefirstyearsofthetwenty-firstcentury.Anoutburstofnewmodelsaimingto explainthebirthsofcitiesandthedynamicprocessesgoverningtheirevolution,and theunevengeographicdistributionofeconomicactivitiesingeneral,startedwitha 1991 paper and culminated in the award of the Nobel Prize in economics to Paul Krugman in 2008 (Krugman 1991). Until Krugman the neoclassical explanations for the location of cities and increasing spatial concentration of activities and peoplewasanchoredinlocalresourceendowments,theso-calledfirst-nature.Cities formed where there were resources creating a competitive edge. Since Krugman,
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