Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Combustion PDF
Preview Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Combustion
Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Santanu De Avinash Kumar Agarwal Swetaprovo Chaudhuri Swarnendu Sen Editors Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Combustion Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Series editors Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in areas including, but not limited to: (cid:129) Renewable Energy (cid:129) Alternative Fuels (cid:129) Engines and Locomotives (cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion (cid:129) Fossil Fuels (cid:129) Carbon Capture (cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy (cid:129) Environmental Pollution (cid:129) Waste Management (cid:129) Transportation Sustainability More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901 ⋅ Santanu De Avinash Kumar Agarwal ⋅ Swetaprovo Chaudhuri Swarnendu Sen Editors Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Combustion 123 Editors SantanuDe Swetaprovo Chaudhuri Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofAerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Science Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Bangalore, Karnataka India India Avinash KumarAgarwal SwarnenduSen Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Jadavpur University Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Kolkata, West Bengal India India ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic) Energy,Environment, andSustainability ISBN978-981-10-7409-7 ISBN978-981-10-7410-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7410-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017959165 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore Foreword Turbulent combustion is a fascinating research field with major societal implica- tions: more than eighty per cent of the energy produced on earth is obtained by combustion, and inmost cases by turbulent combustion.In most energy scenarios, combustion will continue to be the major source of energy for a very long time becausethedrasticincreaseofrenewableenergiesisnotenoughtocovertheoverall growthoftheworldenergyconsumption.Atthesametime,combustionisamajor source of pollutants as well as the main contributor to climate change. In this context, optimizing combustion systems is obviously the first task to tackle and combustion science is at the forefront of this work. This task, however, is a daunting one because turbulent combustion combines the complexities of turbu- lence and of chemical kinetics, two fields of research where our fundamental knowledge remains largely insufficient. Studying turbulent combustion and dis- seminating this research in the community are crucial actions, and this book con- tributestobothbypresentingthelatestresultsobtainedinthisfieldandorganizing them in such a way that students, professors and engineers will have a general overview of the domain and an easy, detailed access to each topic. Combustion systems have been improved over more than a century. Today, improving turbulent combustion in piston engines, furnaces, boilers, aircraft, heli- copter,rockets,etc., beyond state-of-the-art technologies cannot be done without a deepunderstandingofthemechanismscontrollingturbulence-chemistryinteraction (TCI). Performing experiments in turbulent flames is a difficult task, and the last coupleofdecadeshaveseenanimpressiverevolutiontakingplacewherenumerical simulations, based on new theoretical approaches and on massively parallel com- puters,haveprogressivelybecomethebasictoolsusedbymostteamstoanalysethe structureofturbulentflamesandunderstandhowtomasterturbulentcombustion.In the present book, the world leaders of research in turbulent combustion give detailed and exhaustive overviews of all simulation methods used today for tur- bulent flames, starting from classical methods (such as RANS for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations, used today in many companies) to veryadvancedtechniques(suchasDNSfordirectnumericalsimulations,whichcan offerextremelyhighprecisionwhencomputationscanbeperformedontheworld’s v vi Foreword largest computers). The different contributions of the book describe all aspects of these simulation methods, covering the derivation of subgrid TCI models but also methods to include realistic descriptions of complex chemistry in turbulent combustion simulations. Most presentations focus on subsonic gaseous flames (deflagrations), but extensions to more complex cases such as spray flames or detonations are also presented. Since high-performance computations (HPC) have becomemandatorytosimulate turbulentflames,thebookalso discusses numerical techniques and multiple HPC aspects specifically linked to combustion. As such, this book will be a valuable source for all researchers and engineers who want to understandturbulentcombustionandmasterthenumericaltoolswhichareusedand developed today in this crucial field for our planet. Toulouse, France Thierry Poinsot Professor and Research Director Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse CNRS, Université de Toulouse Preface Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and urbanization.Globaleconomyandsocietyaresignificantlydependentontheenergy availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities. Trans- portation and power generation are the major examples of energy. Without the transportation by millions of personalized and mass transport vehicles and avail- abilityof24 × 7power,humancivilizationwouldnothavereachedcontemporary living standards. First International Conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) was organized under the auspices of ‘International Society for Energy and Environmental Sustainability’ (ISEES) by the ‘Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing’ (CIAB), Mohali, from 26–28 February 2017.ISEESwasfoundedatIITKanpurinJanuary2014withtheaimofspreading knowledgeinthefieldsofenergy,environment,sustainabilityandcombustion.The society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable and secure energy resources and a sustainable environment for the society and to spread knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and spread awareness about the envi- ronmentalchallenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.ISEESisinvolvedinvarious activities such as conducting workshops, seminars, conferences in the domains of its interests. The society also recognizes the outstanding works done by the young scientists and engineers for their contributions in these fields by conferring them awards under various categories. This conference provided a platform for discussions between eminent scientists andengineersfromvariouscountriesincludingIndia,USA,SouthKorea,Norway, Malaysia and Australia. In this conference, eminent speakers from all over the world presented their views related to different aspects of energy, combustion, emissions and alternative energy resource for sustainable development and a cleaner environment. The conference started with four mini-symposiums on very topical themes, which included (i) New Fuels and Advanced Engine Combustion, (ii) Sustainable Energy, (iii) Experimental and Numerical Combustion and (iv) Environmental Remediation and Rail Road Transport. The conference had 14 technical sessions on the topics related to energy and environmental sustainability vii viii Preface and panel discussions on ‘Challenges, Opportunities and Directions of Technical Education & Research in the Area of Energy, Environment and Sustainability’ to wrapupthe3-daytechnicalextravaganza.Theconferenceincluded2plenarytalks, 12 keynote talks, 42 invited talks from prominent scientists, 49 contributed talks and 120 posters. A total of 234 participants and speakers attended this three-day conference,whichhostedDr.V.K.Saraswat,MemberNITIAyog,India,asachief guestfortheawardceremonyofISEES.Thisconferencelaidouttheroadmapfor technology development, opportunities and challenges in this technology domain. The technical sessions in the conference included Advances in IC Engines and Fuels; Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels; Combustion Processes; Renewable Energy: Prospects and Technologies; Waste to Wealth–Chemicals and Fuels; Energy Conversion Systems; Numerical Simulation of Combustion Processes; Alternate Fuels for IC Engines; Sprays and Heterogeneous Combustion of Coal/ Biomass;BiomassConversiontoFuels&Chemicals—ThermochemicalProcesses; Utilization of Biofuels and Environmental Protection and Health. All these topics areveryrelevanttothecountryandtheworldinthepresentcontext.Thesocietyis grateful to Prof. Ashok Pandey for organizing and hosting this conference, which led to the germination of this series of monographs, which included 16 books related to different aspects of energy, environment and sustainability. This is the firsttimethatsuchvoluminousandhigh-qualityoutcomehasbeenachievedbyany society in India from one conference. The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors for submitting their work in a timely manner and revising it appropriately at short notice.WewouldliketoexpressourspecialthankstoProf.NilanjanChakraborty, Prof. Amitava Datta, Prof. Ashoke De, Prof. Ranjan Ganguly, Prof. Hong Im, Dr. Hemanth Kolla, Prof. Neeraj Kumbhakarna, Prof. K. N. Lakshmisha, Prof. Joseph Mathew, Prof. Achnitya Mukhopadhyay, Dr. Sishendu Mondal, Dr. Vineeth Nair, Prof. Krithika Narayanaswamy, Prof. Salvador Navarro-Martinez, Prof. Abhishek Saha,Prof.SreedharaSeshadri,Prof.PallabSinhaMahapatraandProf.PengZhao, who reviewed various chapters of this monograph and provided their valuable suggestions to improve the manuscripts. We acknowledge the support received from various funding agencies and organizations for the successful conduct of the first ISEES conference SEEC-2017, where these monographs germinated. These include Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (special thanks to Dr. Sanjay Bajpai); TSI, India (special thanks to Dr. Deepak Sharma); Tesscorn, India (special thanks to Sh. Satyanarayana); AVL India; Horiba, India; Springer (special thanks to Swati Meherishi); CIAB (special thanks to Dr. Sangwan). Design and development of practical combustion systems require extensive investigation of multi-scale and multi-physics processes, such as fuel injection, sprayatomization,evaporationofinjecteddroplets,mixingoffuelandair,chemical reactions,formationofNOx,sootandunburnthydrocarbons.Gainingfundamental insights on these complex processes via experimental investigations is not only expensive but sometimes impossible due to lack of optical access, complex flows and extremely fast combustion reactions. Numerical simulations of these complex Preface ix multi-scaleandmulti-physicsphenomenaaremoreeasilyandconvenientlycarried outusingefficientnumericalalgorithmsdesignedformassivelyparallelcomputers. However,thecomplexmulti-scaleandnonlinearinteractionbetweenchemistryand turbulence pose a significant modelling challenge of turbulent reactive flows encountered in modern combustion systems. Notwithstanding the significant pro- gress in the last couple of decades, the modelling and numerical simulations of turbulent combustion remain in the forefront of research due to its inherent com- plexity,significantmodellingdifficultiesandindustrialrelevance.Besideschanging the existing design of combustion systems, application of different alternate fuels such as biofuels, renewable fuels, alcohols and other synthetic fuels is being explored in the context of sustainable energy and environmental issues. In this monograph, comprehensive reviews of the state-of-the-art models are presented for turbulent premixed and nonpremixed combustion with a specific focus on the theory, development of combustion models and applications in lab- oratory and practical combustion systems. This book is envisaged to benefit a relatively broad audience, including beginners, graduate students in engineering, seasoned researchers, practicing combustion system developers, computational fluid dynamics code developers and users, and provides a holistic approach of turbulent combustion in terms of fundamentals, modelling and numerical simulations. The topics are organized into five different sections: (i) fundamentals, method- ology and architecture of turbulent combustion computations, (ii) turbulent pre- mixedcombustion,(iii)turbulentnonpremixedcombustion,(iv)probabilitydensity function methods and (v) recent applications of turbulent combustion. Kanpur, India Santanu De Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal Bangalore, India Swetaprovo Chaudhuri Kolkata, India Swarnendu Sen
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