Model-based reasoning in science and technology : inferential models for logic, language, cognition and computation

510 Pages·2019·13.174 MB·English

by  Fontaine, Matthieu, Gómez, Cristina Barés, Magnani, Lorenzo, Nepomuceno Fernández, Ángel, Salguero, Francisco J.

Studies in Applied Philosophy,
Epistemology and Rational Ethics
Ángel Nepomuceno-Fernández
Lorenzo Magnani
Francisco J. Salguero-Lamillar
Cristina Barés-Gómez
Matthieu Fontaine   Editors
Model-Based
Reasoning in
Science and
Technology
Inferential Models for Logic, Language,
Cognition and Computation
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology
and Rational Ethics
Volume 49
Editor-in-Chief
Lorenzo Magnani, Department of Humanities, Philosophy Section, University of
Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Editorial Board Members
Atocha Aliseda
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico, Mexico
Giuseppe Longo
CNRS - Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre Cavailles, Paris, France
Chris Sinha
School of Foreign Languages, Hunan University, Changsha, China
Paul Thagard
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
John Woods
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics (SAPERE)
publishes new developments and advances in all the fields of philosophy,
epistemology, and ethics, bringing them together with a cluster of scientific
disciplines and technological outcomes: ranging from computer science to life
sciences, from economics, law, and education to engineering, logic, and mathe-
matics, from medicine to physics, human sciences, and politics. The series aims at
covering all the challenging philosophical and ethical themes of contemporary
society, making them appropriately applicable to contemporary theoretical and
practical problems, impasses, controversies, and conflicts. Our scientific and
technologicalerahasoffered“new”topicstoallareasofphilosophyandethics–for
instance concerning scientific rationality, creativity, human and artificial intelli-
gence, social and folk epistemology, ordinary reasoning, cognitive niches and
culturalevolution,ecologicalcrisis,ecologicallysituatedrationality,consciousness,
freedom and responsibility, human identity and uniqueness, cooperation, altruism,
intersubjectivity and empathy, spirituality, violence. The impact of such topics has
been mainly undermined by contemporary cultural settings, whereas they should
increase the demand of interdisciplinary applied knowledge and fresh and original
understanding. In turn, traditional philosophical and ethical themes have been
profoundly affected and transformed as well: they should be further examined as
embedded and applied within their scientific and technological environments so to
update their received and often old-fashioned disciplinary treatment and appeal.
Applying philosophy individuates therefore a new research commitment for the
21st century, focused on the main problems of recent methodological, logical,
epistemological, and cognitive aspects of modeling activities employed both in
intellectual and scientific discovery, and in technological innovation, including the
computational tools intertwined with such practices, to understand them in a wide
and integrated perspective.
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics means to
demonstrate the contemporary practical relevance of this novel philosophical
approach and thus to provide a home for monographs, lecture notes, selected
contributionsfromspecializedconferences andworkshopsaswell asselectedPhD
theses. The series welcomes contributions from philosophers as well as from
scientists, engineers, and intellectuals interested in showing how applying
philosophy can increase knowledge about our current world. Initial proposals can
be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, prof. Lorenzo Magnani, [email protected]:
(cid:129) A short synopsis of the work or the introduction chapter
(cid:129) The proposed Table of Contents
(cid:129) The CV of the lead author(s)
For more information, please contact the Editor-in-Chief at [email protected].
Indexed by SCOPUS, ISI and Springerlink. The books of the series are submitted
for indexing to Web of Science.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10087
Á á
ngel Nepomuceno-Fern ndez
(cid:129)
Lorenzo Magnani
(cid:129)
Francisco J. Salguero-Lamillar
(cid:129)
é ó
Cristina Bar s-G mez Matthieu Fontaine
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Editors
Model-Based Reasoning
in Science and Technology
Inferential Models for Logic, Language,
Cognition and Computation
123
Editors
ÁngelNepomuceno-Fernández Lorenzo Magnani
Department ofPhilosophy, Department ofHumanities,
LogicandPhilosophy of Science Philosophy Section, andComputational
University of Seville Philosophy Laboratory
Seville,Spain University of Pavia
Pavia, Italy
Francisco J.Salguero-Lamillar
Department ofSpanish Language, Cristina Barés-Gómez
Linguistics andTheory ofLiterature Department ofPhilosophy,
University of Seville LogicandPhilosophy of Science
Seville,Spain University of Seville
Seville,Spain
Matthieu Fontaine
Centrefor Philosophy of Science of the
University of Lisbon
University of Lisbon
Lisbon, Portugal
ISSN 2192-6255 ISSN 2192-6263 (electronic)
Studies in AppliedPhilosophy,Epistemology and Rational Ethics
ISBN978-3-030-32721-7 ISBN978-3-030-32722-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32722-4
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard
tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
This volume is a collection of selected papers that were presented at the
International Conference Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology.
Inferential Models for Logic, Language, Cognition and Computation
(MBR018_SPAIN), held at Tobacco Factory University Building, Seville, Spain,
October 24–26, 2018, chaired by Ángel Nepomuceno, Lorenzo Magnani, and
Francisco J. Salguero.
This event marked the twentieth anniversary of the model-based reasoning
conferences,sincethefirstmeetingwasheldattheCollegioGhislieri,Universityof
Pavia, Pavia, Italy, in December 1998.
A previous volume, Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery, edited by
L. Magnani, N. J. Nersessian, and P. Thagard (Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers, New York, 1999; Chinese edition, China Science and Technology
Press, Beijing, 2000), was based on the papers presented at the first “model-based
reasoning”internationalconference,heldattheUniversityofPavia,Pavia,Italy,in
December 1998. Other two volumes were based on the papers presented at the
second“model-basedreasoning”internationalconference,heldatthesameplacein
May 2001: Model-Based Reasoning. Scientific Discovery, Technological
Innovation, Values, edited by L. Magnani and N. J. Nersessian (Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2002), and Logical and Computational
Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning, edited by L. Magnani, N. J. Nersessian, and
C. Pizzi (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 2002). Another volume, Model-Based
Reasoning in Science and Engineering, edited by L. Magnani (College
Publications, London, 2006), was based on the papers presented at the third
“model-based reasoning” international conference, held at the same place in
December 2004. The volume Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Medicine,
editedbyL.MagnaniandL.Ping(Springer,Heidelberg/Berlin2006),wasbasedon
thepaperspresentedatthefourth“model-basedreasoning”conference,heldatSun
Yat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,P.R.China.ThevolumeModel-BasedReasoning
in Science and Technology: Abduction, Logic, and Computational Discovery,
edited by L. Magnani, W. Carnielli, and C. Pizzi (Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin
2010), was based on the papers presented at the fifth “model-based reasoning”
v
vi Preface
conference, held at the University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, in December
2009.ThevolumeModel-BasedReasoninginScienceandTechnology:Theoretical
and Cognitive Issues, edited by L. Magnani, (Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin 2013),
wasbasedonthepaperspresentedatthesixth“model-basedreasoning”conference,
held at Fondazione Mediaterraneo, Sestri Levante, Italy, in June 2012. Finally, the
volume Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology: Logical,
Epistemological, and Cognitive Issues, edited by L. Magnani and C. Casadio
(Springer, Cham, Switzerland 2016), was based on the papers presented at the
seventh “model-based reasoning” conference, held at Centro Congressi
Mediaterraneo, Sestri Levante, Italy, in June 2015.
The presentations given at the Seville conference explored how scientific
thinking uses models and explanatory reasoning to produce creative changes in
theories and concepts. Some speakers addressed the problem of model-based
reasoning in technology and stressed issues such as the relationship between
science and technological innovation. The study of diagnostic, visual, spatial,
analogical, and temporal reasoning has demonstrated that there are many ways of
performingintelligentandcreativereasoningthatcannotbedescribedwiththehelp
only of traditional notions of reasoning such as classical logic. Understanding the
contribution of modeling practices to discovery and conceptual change in science
and in other disciplines requires expanding the concept of reasoning to include
complexformsofcreativitythatarenotalwayssuccessfulandcanleadtoincorrect
solutions.
The study of these heuristic ways of reasoning is situated at the crossroads of
philosophy,artificialintelligence,cognitivepsychology,andlogic,i.e.,attheheart
of cognitive science. There are several key ingredients common to the various
forms of model-based reasoning. The term “model” comprises both internal and
external representations. The models are intended as interpretations of target
physicalsystems,processes,phenomena,orsituations.Themodelsareretrievedor
constructed on the basis of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target
domain.Moreover, inthemodeling process,variousformsofabstractionareused.
Evaluationandadaptationtakeplaceinlightofstructural,causal,and/orfunctional
constraints. Model simulation can be used to produce new states and enable
evaluationofbehaviorsandotherfactors.Thevariouscontributionsofthebookare
written by interdisciplinary researchers who are active in the area of modeling
reasoning and creative reasoning in logic, cognitive science, science, and
technology: The most recent results and achievements about the topics above are
illustrated in detail in the papers.
TheeditorexpresseshisappreciationtothemembersoftheScientificCommittee
for their suggestions and assistance: Selene Arfini, Computational Philosophy
Laboratory, Department of Humanities, Philosophy Section, University of Pavia,
Italy; Atocha Aliseda, Instituto de Investigaciones Filosoficas, Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM); Francesco Amigoni, Politecnico di
Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione, e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy;
TommasoBertolotti,DepartmentofHumanities,PhilosophySection,Universityof
Pavia,Italy;OtávioBueno,DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofMiami,Coral
Preface vii
Gables, USA; Walter Carnielli, Department of Philosophy, Institute of Philosophy
and Human Sciences, State University of Campinas, Brazil; Claudia Casadio,
Department of Philosophy, Education and Economical-Quantitative Sciences,
University ofChieti-Pescara,Italy; Sanjay Chandrasekharan, Homi BhabhaCentre
for Science Education, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India; Sara
Dellantonio, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Italy;
Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of
AppliedInformationTechnology,Göteborg,Sweden;MariaGuliaDondero,Maître
derecherchesduFNRS,UniversitédeLiège,Belgium;StevenFrench,Department
of Philosophy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Roman Frigg, London School of
Economics and Political Science, UK; Marcello Frixione, Department
ofCommunicationSciences,UniversityofSalerno,Italy;DovGabbay,Department
of Computer Science, King’s College, London, UK; Axel Gelfert, Professor of
Philosophy, Technical University of Berlin, Germany; Valeria Giardino, Archives
Henri-Poincaré UMR 7117 CNRS–Université de Lorraine, Nancy, FRANCE
Marcello Guarini, Department of Philosophy, University of Windsor, Canada;
RicardoGudwin,DepartmentofComputerEngineeringandIndustrialAutomation,
the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, State University of
Campinas, Brazil; Albrecht Heeffer, Centre for History of Science, Ghent
University, Belgium; Decio Krause, Departamento de Filosofia, Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Ping Li, Department of
Philosophy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Angelo Loula,
Department of Exact Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Brazil;
Lorenzo Magnani, Department of Humanities, Philosophy Section and
Computational Philosophy Laboratory, University of Pavia, Italy; Joke Meheus,
Vakgroep Wijsbegeerte, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium; Luís Moniz Pereira,
Departamento de Informática, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; Michael
Moortgat, Utrecht University, Institute of Linguistics (OTS), Utrecht, The
Netherlands; Woosuk Park, Humanities and Social Sciences, KAIST,
Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, SouthKorea; Mario J.Pérez, Departmentof
ComputerSciences,AcademyofEurope,UniversityofSeville,Spain;Ahti-Veikko
Pietarinen,RagnarNurkseSchoolofInnovationandGovernance,TallinUniversity
of Technology, Estonia, and School of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan; Claudio Pizzi, Department ofPhilosophy and
SocialSciences,UniversityofSiena,Siena,Italy;OlgaPombo,CentrodeFilosofia
das Ciências Universidade de Lisboa (CFCUL), Portugal; Demetris Portides,
Department of Classics and Philosophy, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus;
Joao Queiroz, Institute of Arts and Design, Federal University of Juiz de Fora,
Brazil; Shahid Rahman, UFR de Philosophie, University of Lille 3, Villeneuve
d’Ascq, France; Oliver Ray, Department of Computer Science, University of
Bristol,Bristol,UK;FlaviaSantoian,DipartimentoStudiUmanistici, Universitádi
Napoli Federico II, Italy; Colin Schmidt, Le Mans University and
ENSAM-ParisTech, France; Gerhard Schurz, Institute for Philosophy,
Heinrich-Heine University, Frankfurt, Germany; Nora Alejandrina Schwartz,
FacultyofEconomics,UniversidaddeBuenosAires,Argentina;CameronShelley,
viii Preface
Department of Philosophy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada;
SonjaSmets,InstituteforLogic,LanguageandComputation(ILLC),Universityof
Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nik Swoboda, Departamento de Inteligencia
Artificial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Adam Toon,
Sociology,PhilosophyandAnthropology,UniversityofExeter,UK;PaulThagard,
Department of Philosophy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Barbara
Tversky, Department of Psychology, Stanford University and Teachers College,
Columbia University, New York, USA; Ryan D. Tweney, Emeritus Professor of
Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, USA; Hans van
Ditmarsch, Loria, Nancy, France; Fernando Velazquez, Institute for Logic,
Language and Computation (ILLC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
Riccardo Viale, Scuola Nazionale dell’Amministrazione, Presidenza del Consiglio
dei Ministri, Roma, and Fondazione Rosselli, Torino, Italy; John Woods,
Department of Philosophy, University of British Columbia, Canada.
We are also very thankful to the local scientific committee: Cristina Barés,
Logic, Philosophy and Philosophy of Science Department, University of Seville,
Spain; Alfredo Burrieza, Department of Philosophy, University of Málaga, Spain;
Matthieu Fontaine, CFCUL, Lisbon University, Portugal; Teresa López-Soto,
English Language Department, University of Seville, Spain; Angel Nepomuceno,
Logic, Philosophy and Philosophy of Science Department, University of Seville,
Spain;JoséF.Quesada,ComputerSciencesandArtificialIntelligenceDepartment,
University of Seville, Spain; Francisco J. Salguero, Department of Spanish
Language, Linguistics and Theory of Literature, University of Seville, Spain;
Fernando Soler, Department of Logic, Philosophy and Philosophy of Science,
UniversityofSeville,Spain.Wewarmlythanklocalorganizersfortheirhelp:Nino
Guallart, Rocio Ramírez, Pablo Sierra, Logic, Philosophy and Philosophy of
Science Department, University of Seville, Spain; Diego Jímenez Department of
Spanish Language, Linguistics and Theory of Literature, University of Seville,
Spain.
The conference MBR018_SPAIN, and thus indirectly this book, was made
possible through the generous financial support of the Italian Ministry of the
University (MIUR) and of the University of Pavia. Their support is gratefully
acknowledged. The preparation of the volume would not have been possible
withoutthecontributionofresourcesandfacilitiesoftheComputationalPhilosophy
LaboratoryandoftheDepartmentofHumanities,PhilosophySection,Universityof
Pavia, and of the University of Seville, the Faculties of Philology and Philosophy,
theDepartmentofPhilosophy,LogicandPhilosophyofScience,andtheResearch
Group on Logic, Language and Information of the University of Seville.
Several papers concerning model-based reasoning deriving from the previous
conferences MBR98 and MBR01 can be found in special issues of journals: in
Philosophica: Abduction and Scientific Discovery, 61(1), 1998, and Analogy and
Mental Modeling in Scientific Discovery, 61(2) 1998; in Foundations of Science:
Model-Based ReasoninginScience: Learning andDiscovery,5(2)2000,all edited
by L. Magnani, N. J. Nersessian, and P. Thagard; in Foundations of Science:
Abductive Reasoning in Science, 9, 2004, and Model-Based Reasoning: Visual,
Preface ix
Analogical, Simulative, 10, 2005; in Mind and Society: Scientific Discovery:
Model-Based Reasoning, 5(3), 2002, andCommonsenseand Scientific Reasoning,
4(2), 2001, all edited by L. Magnani and N. J. Nersessian. Finally, other related
philosophical, epistemological, and cognitive-oriented papers deriving from the
presentations given at the conference MBR04 have been published in a Special
Issue of the Logic Journal of the IGPL: Abduction, Practical Reasoning, and
Creative Inferences in Science, 14(1) (2006) and have been published in two
Special Issues of Foundations of Science: Tracking Irrational Sets: Science,
Technology, Ethics, and Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Engineering,
13(1) and 13(2) (2008), all edited by L. Magnani. Other technical logical papers
presentedat MBR09_BRAZIL have been published ina specialissue of the Logic
Journal of the IGPL: Formal Representations in Model-Based Reasoning and
Abduction, 20(2) (2012), edited by L. Magnani, W. Carnielli, and C. Pizzi. Then,
technical logical papers presented at MBR12_ITALY have been published in a
special issue of the Logic Journal of the IGPL: Formal Representations in
Model-Based Reasoning and Abduction, 21(6) (2013), edited by L. Magnani.
Finally, technical papers presented at MBR15_ITALY have been published in a
special issue of the Logic Journal of the IGPL: Formal representations of
model-based reasoning and abduction, 24(4) (2016), edited by L. Magnani and
C. Casadio.
Other more technical formal papers presented at (MBR18_SPAIN) will be
published in a special issue of the Logic Journal of the IGPL: Formal representa-
tions of model-based reasoning and abduction, edited by A. Nepomuceno,
L. Magnani, F. Salguero, C. Barés, and M. Fontaine.
July 2019 Ángel Nepomuceno-Fernández
Lorenzo Magnani
Francisco J. Salguero-Lamillar
Cristina Barés-Gómez
Matthieu Fontaine