Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology: Abduction, Logic, and Computational Discovery

663 Pages·2010·27.04 MB·English

by  John Woods

LorenzoMagnani,WalterCarnielli,andClaudioPizzi(Eds.)
Model-BasedReasoninginScienceandTechnology
StudiesinComputationalIntelligence,Volume314
Editor-in-Chief
Prof.JanuszKacprzyk
SystemsResearchInstitute
PolishAcademyofSciences
ul.Newelska6
01-447Warsaw
Poland
E-mail:[email protected]
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ISBN978-3-642-13999-4 ISBN978-3-642-15222-1
Lorenzo Magnani,Walter Carnielli,and
Claudio Pizzi (Eds.)
Model-Based Reasoning in
Science and Technology
Abduction, Logic, and Computational
Discovery
123
LorenzoMagnani ClaudioPizzi
DipartimentodiFilosofia Dipartimentodifilosofiae
Universita`diPavia scienzeSociali
PiazzaBotta6 Universita`diSiena
27100Pavia ViaRoma47
Italy 53100Siena
E-mail:[email protected] Italy
E-mail:[email protected]
WalterCarnielli
CentreforLogic
EpistemologyandtheHistoryofScience
CLEStateUniversityofCampinas
UNICAMPP.O.Box6133
13083-970Campinas-SP
Brazil
E-mail:[email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-15222-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-15223-8
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15223-8
Studiesin Computational Intelligence ISSN1860-949X
Library of Congress Control Number:2010932508
(cid:2)c 2010 Springer-VerlagBerlin Heidelberg
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Thepsychologistsundertaketolocatevariousmentalpowersinthe
brain; and above all consider it as quite certain that the faculty of
language resides in a certain lobe; but I believe it comes decidedly
nearer the truth (though not really true) that language resides in
the tongue. In my opinion, it is much more true that the thoughts
ofalivingwriterareinanyprintedcopyofhisbookthanthatthey
are in his brain.
Charles SandersPeirce
Preface
This volume is a collection of selected papers that were presented at the
international conference Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology.
Abduction, Logic, and Computational Discovery (MBR09 BRAZIL), held at
the University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil in December 2009.
Apreviousvolume,Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery,edited
by L. Magnani,N.J. Nersessian,and P. Thagard(Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers, New York, 1999; Chinese edition, China Science and Technol-
ogy Press, Beijing, 2000), was based on the papers presented at the first
“model-based reasoning”international conference, held at the University of
Pavia,Pavia,Italy in December 1998.Other two volumes were based on the
papers presented at the second“model-based reasoning”international con-
ference, held at the same place in May 2001: Model-Based Reasoning. Scien-
tific Discovery, Technological Innovation, Values, edited by L. Magnani and
N.J.Nersessian(KluwerAcademic/PlenumPublishers,NewYork,2002)and
Logical and Computational Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning, edited by L.
Magnani,N.J.Nersessian,andC.Pizzi(KluwerAcademic,Dordrecht,2002).
Another volume Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Engineering, edited
byL.Magnani(CollegePublications,London,2006),wasbasedonthepapers
presentedatthethird“model-basedreasoning”internationalconference,held
atthesameplaceinDecember2004.Finally,volumeModel-Based Reasoning
inScienceandMedicine,editedbyL.MagnaniandL.Ping(Springer,Heidel-
berg/Berlin 2006), was based on the papers presented at the fourth“model-
based”reasoning conference, held at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.
R. China.
The presentations given at the Campinas conference explored how sci-
entific thinking uses models and explanatory reasoning to produce creative
changes in theories and concepts. Some speakers addressed the problem of
model-based reasoning in technology, and stressed the issue of science and
technologicalinnovation. The study of diagnostic, visual, spatial, analogical,
and temporal reasoning has demonstrated that there are many ways of per-
forming intelligent and creative reasoning that cannot be described with the
VIII Preface
help only of traditional notions of reasoning such as classical logic. Under-
standing the contribution of modeling practices to discovery and conceptual
change in science requires expanding scientific reasoning to include complex
forms of creative reasoning that are not always successful and can lead to
incorrectsolutions.The studyoftheseheuristicwaysofreasoningissituated
at the crossroads of philosophy, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology,
and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science. There are severalkey in-
gredients common to the various forms of model-based reasoning. The term
“model” comprises both internal and external representations. The models
are intended as interpretations of target physical systems, processes, phe-
nomena, or situations. The models are retrieved or constructed on the basis
of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target domain. Moreover,
in the modeling process, various forms of abstraction are used. Evaluation
and adaptation take place in light of structural, causal, and/or functional
constraints.Model simulationcan be used to produce new states and enable
evaluation of behaviors and other factors.
The various contributions of the book are written by interdisciplinary re-
searchers who are active in the area of modeling reasoning and creative rea-
soning in logic, science and technology: the most recent results and achieve-
ments about the topics above are illustrated in detail in the papers.
The editors express their appreciation to the members of the Scientific
Committee for their suggestions and assistance: Atocha Aliseda, Instituto
de Investigaciones Filosoficas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
(UNAM) – Silvana Borutti, Department of Philosophy, University of Pavia,
ITALY – Eduardo Bustos, Department of Logic, History and Philosophy of
Science at UNED (Spanish Open University),Madrid,SPAIN – MarceloEs-
teban Coniglio, Department of Philosophy, CLE and Institute of Philoso-
phy and Human Sciences, State University of Campinas, BRAZIL – Itala
D’Ottaviano, CLE and Department of Philosophy, Institute of Philosophy
and Human Sciences, State University of Campinas, BRAZIL – Roberto
Cordeschi, Department of Philosophy, “La Sapienza” University of Rome,
ITALY – Roberto Feltrero, Department of Logic, History and Philosophy
of Science at UNED (Spanish Open University), Madrid, SPAIN – Mar-
celloFrixione,DepartmentofCommunicationSciences,UniversityofSalerno,
ITALY–MichelGhins,InstitutSup´erieurdePhilosophie,Universit´edeLou-
vain, BELGIUM - David Gooding, Department of Psychology, University
of Bath, UK – Mike E. Gorman, Technology, Culture & Communications,
SEAS University of Virginia, USA – Marcello Guarini, Department of Phi-
losophy, University of Windsor, CANADA – Ricardo Gudwin, Department
of Computer Engineering and Industrial Automation, the School of Elec-
trical Engineering and Computer Science, State University of Campinas,
BRAZIL – Viorel Guliciuc, Stefan cel Mare University, Suceava, ROMA-
NIA – Michael Leyton, Psychology Department, and DIMACS Center for
Discrete Mathematics, & Theoretical Computer Science, Rutgers Univer-
sity,USA –Mamede Lima-Marques,DepartmentofInformationScience and
Preface IX
Documentation,UniversityofBras´ılia,BRAZIL–AngeloLoula,Department
of Exact Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, BRAZIL – Shang-
min Luan, Institute of Software, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,
P.R.CHINA–CezarAugustoMortari,FederalUniversityofSantaCatarina,
UFSCFloriano´polis,Brazil–AlisonPease,EdinburghUniversity,Edinburgh,
UK – Joa˜o Queiroz, Department of Computer Engineering and Industrial
Automation (DCA) School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
State University of Campinas, BRAZIL – Lucia Santaella, Center of Re-
search in Digital Media, Sa˜o Paulo Catholic University (PUCSP), BRAZIL
–GerhardSchurz,Institute forPhilosophy,Heinrich-HeineUniversity,GER-
MANY – Cameron Shelley, Department of Philosophy, University of Water-
loo, Waterloo, CANADA - Colin Schmidt, Institut d’Informatique Claude
Chappe,UniversityofLeMans,FRANCE –FrankThomasSautter,Depart-
ment of Philosophy, University of Santa Maria, BRAZIL – Paul Thagard,
Director of the Cognitive Science Program, and University Research Chair
at the University of Waterloo, CANADA – BarbaraTversky,Department of
Psychology,Stanford University, USA – Jon Williamson, Philosophy, School
of European Culture and Languages, University of Kent, UK – Riccardo
Viale, LaSCo-Laboratoryof Cognitive and Complexity Sciences, Fondazione
Rosselli,Torino,ITALY–JohnWoods,DepartmentofPhilosophy,University
of British Columbia, CANADA – Woosuk Park, Humanities and Social Sci-
ences, KAIST, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, SOUTH KOREA, and
tothemembersofthelocalscientificcommittees:ItalaD’Ottaviano,Alexan-
dre Costa Leite, and Juliana Bueno-Soler (State University of Campinas
UNICAMP), Emanuele Bardone, Tommaso Bertolotti, and Pino Capuano
(University of Pavia).
Special thanks to Emanuele Bardone, Riccardo Dossena, and Tommaso
Bertolotti for their contribution in the preparation of this volume. The con-
ference MBR09 BRAZIL, and thus indirectly this book, was made possible
throughthegenerousfinancialsupportofMIUR(ItalianMinistryoftheUni-
versity), University of Pavia, Fondazione CARIPLO, FAPESP- Sa˜o Paulo
ResearchFoundation, the Centre for Logic,Epistemologyand the History of
ScienceCLEoftheStateUniversityofCampinasUNICAMPandtheBrazil-
ianLogicSociety.Theirsupportisgratefullyacknowledged.The preparation
of the volume would not have been possible without the contribution of re-
sourcesandfacilitiesoftheComputationalPhilosophyLaboratoryandofthe
Department of Philosophy,University of Pavia.
Severalpapers concerningmodel-basedreasoningderivingfrom the previ-
ous conferences MBR98 and MBR01 can be found in Special Issues of Jour-
nals: in Philosophica: Abduction and Scientific Discovery, 61(1), 1998, and
Analogy and Mental Modeling in Scientific Discovery, 61(2) 1998; in Foun-
dations of Science:Model-BasedReasoninginScience:LearningandDiscov-
ery, 5(2) 2000, all edited by L. Magnani, N.J. Nersessian, and P. Thagard;
in Foundations of Science: Abductive Reasoning in Science, 9, 2004, and
Model-Based Reasoning: Visual, Analogical, Simulative, 10, 2005; in Mind
X Preface
and Society: Scientific Discovery: Model-Based Reasoning, 5(3), 2002, and
CommonsenseandScientific Reasoning,4(2),2001,alleditedby L.Magnani
andN.J.Nersessian.Finally,otherrelatedphilosophical,epistemological,and
cognitiveorientedpapersderivingfromthepresentationsgivenattheconfer-
ence MBR04 have been published in a Special Issue of Logic Journal of the
IGPL: Abduction, Practical Reasoning, and Creative Inferences in Science
14(1) (2006) and have been published in two Special Issues of Foundations
of Science:TrackingIrrationalSets:Science,Technology,Ethics,andModel-
Based Reasoning in Science and Engineering,all edited by L. Magnani.
Other more technical logical papers presented at (MBR09 BRAZIL) will
be published in a special issue of the Logic Journal of the IGPL, edited by
L. Magnani, W. Carnielli, and C. Pizzi.
Finally,thepresentbookalsoincludesabriefpaperthattwooftheeditors,
Walter CarnielliandLorenzoMagnani,havedevotedto the 65thbirthdayof
Claudio Pizzi.
Pavia,Italy
June 2010 Lorenzo Magnani
University of Pavia, Pavia,Italy and
Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
Walter Carnielli
University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Claudio Pizzi
University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Years of Reasoning
In Honor of the 65th Birthday of Claudio Pizzi
Walter Carnielli and Lorenzo Magnani
Abstract. This paper is devoted to Claudio Pizzi on the occasion of his
65th birthday. Looking at the essential bibliography reported below, Pizzi’s
reservedcharacterismanifestinthefewco-authorshehadinhispublications.
However, it is hard to find among philosophers and logicians a colleague so
unanimously recognized as gentlemanly in his attitude towards science and
academic life. The blend of rigor and philosophical scope that characterizes
Pizzi’sworkis,atthe sametime, analyticphilosophyandphilosophicallogic
as its best, as it is demonstrated in his intellectual career. Claudio Pizzi is
also a fine cooker, and one of the best connoisseurs of Brazilian music we
know.
1 Four Decades of Conditionals and Rational Inference
Claudio Pizzi obtained his degree in Philosophy In March 1969 at the State
University of Milan, with a dissertation about subjunctive and counterfac-
tual conditionals (titled I Condizionali Congiuntivi: Aspetti Epistemologici e
Problemi di Formalizzazione).
This subject was considered quite abstruse in Italy in those years, and
it is relevant to have in sight that the best accepted and most elaborated
counterfactual theory of causation, represented by the work of David Lewis,
wouldonlyseethelightin1973.Theepistemologicalpanoramawasstilldom-
Walter Carnielli
GTAL/CLE and Department of Philosophy–IFCH, State University of Campinas,
Brazil
e-mail: [email protected]
Lorenzo Magnani
Department of Philosophy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy and Sun Yat-sen Uni-
versity,Guangzhou,P.R. China
e-mail: [email protected]