Mobility in Southwest Anatolia and the Southeast Aegean during the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age

420 Pages·2017·17.89 MB·English

On the Move: Mobility in Southwest Anatolia and the Southeast Aegean during the
Late Bronze to Early Iron Age Transition

by

Jana Mokrišová

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
(Classical Art and Archaeology)
in the University of Michigan
2017

Doctoral Committee:

Professor Christopher J. Ratté, Chair
Dr. Despina Margomenou
Professor Lisa C. Nevett
Professor Henry T. Wright
Professor James C. Wright, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Jana Mokrišová
[email protected]

ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7237-1201

© Jana Mokrišová 2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My interest in understanding the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age transition in western
Anatolia emerged during my early years as a graduate student at University of Michigan. I owe a
debt of gratitude to my advisor and mentor Christopher Ratté. I would not be able to complete
this project without his support and guidance over the years. His critical mind, patience, and
adventurous spirit helped me grow both as a scholar and a person.
I want to extend my thanks to Lisa Nevett for her critical comments and encouragement
especially during my final years, as I began looking for new opportunities. I am grateful to
Despina Margonemou and Laurie Talalay for their academic and life encouragement and warm
words over the years. Henry Wright’s love for archaeology has been an inspiration to me, and I
thank him for the fun conversations about archaeology, mobility, and mudbrick. During my time
at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Jim Wright’s tour of the Argolid
solidified my wish to understand the end of the Bronze Ages in a comprehensive way.
Furthermore, I would not have pursued archaeology had it not been for Rodney Fitzsimons, my
undergraduate mentor at Trent University, and I thank him for his guidance.
I am indebted to Christopher Roosevelt and Christina Luke for giving me the opportunity
to participate in the Central Lydia Archaeological Survey and the Kaymakçı Archaeological
Project. I became a better archaeologist over the years because of their sharp minds and immense
knowledge of Turkey’s past and present. Salvatore Vitale introduced me to the world of
Mycenaean ceramics, and I thank him for welcoming me to the Serraglio, Eleona and Landaga
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Archaeological Project, as well as for his friendship. I would also like to thank the directors and
members of projects I visited over the years, especially Yaşar Ersoy at Klazomenai, Michael
Kerschner at Ephesos, Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier at Samos and Miletos, Geoff and Françoise
Summers at Kerkenes Dağ, and Nick Cahill and the team at Sardis.
My dissertation work has been made possible through the generous funding support of
the University of Michigan’s Interdepartmental Program in Classical Art and Archaeology,
Rackham Graduate School, International Institute, and Center for European and Eurasian
Studies. IPCAA and the Kelsey have been a home over the past eight years, and I want to
acknowledge especially the help and support of Alex Zwinak, Lorene Sterner and Sandra
Malveaux. Additional support was provided through fellowships at the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens and Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations. I
cherish my years spent in Athens and Istanbul, and I want to thank the staff and fellows for their
support and friendly faces during my stay there.
To my friends, who have made the process of writing easier and less lonely, thank you.
You know who you are. I want to give special shout out to Angela Commito, Volkan Doda,
Chris Hale, Craig Harvey, and Bradley Sekedat, who stepped in at the eleventh hour and read
parts of my dissertation. You rock. I am grateful for friendship of my cohort and fellow IPCAAs,
particularly Nicole High-Steskal, Emma Sachs, Elina Salminen, and Christina Difabio. To my
fellow Slovak Anatolian enthusiast Peter Pavúk and Marek Verčík: I am so glad our paths
crossed in Istanbul. Furthermore, Naoíse Mac Sweeney, Emily Wilson, Rik Vaessen, and Sıla
Votruba gave me valuable comments and provided information on various aspects of my work.
Thanks go to my family for letting me choose my own way. And last, but not least, to
Volkan: thank you for your patience.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... xiii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER 2: SETTING THE STAGE: BACKGROUND, COLLAPSE, AND MOBILITY
......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 9
The Geography of Anatolia and the Aegean............................................................................. 10
Terminology for the Study of Cultural Interaction ................................................................... 13
Periodization: Absolute and Relative Dating ............................................................................ 15
‘Collapse’ and Demise of Late Bronze Age Polities ................................................................ 19
How Does Anatolia Fit into the Picture? ............................................................................. 26
Mobility after the ‘Collapse’ ..................................................................................................... 32
Mobility in Late Bronze Age Southwest Anatolia and the Southeast Aegean ....................... 36
The Dorians and Other Mobile Peoples of the Late Bronze Age ..................................... 39
Mobility in Early Iron Age Southwest Anatolia and the Southeast Aegean ......................... 50
The Ionian Migration ........................................................................................................ 51
Interaction and Movement in the Early Iron Age ............................................................. 59
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 62
CHAPTER 3: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MOBILITY .......................... 64
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 64
Archaeological Explorations of Movement: A Brief Review of Past Approaches .................. 66
Studies of Movement in Recent Archaeological Scholarship................................................... 72
How to Define Migration and Why Is a Definition Needed? ................................................ 75
Push and Pull Factors and Other Types of Movement Dynamics ........................................ 79
Diversifying the Categories .................................................................................................. 82
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Defining Mobility ..................................................................................................................... 87
Mobility in Southwest Anatolia and the Southeast Aegean .................................................. 89
Local Networks, Mobility, and ‘Collapse’ ........................................................................ 90
Tracing Mobility through Archaeological Remains ............................................................. 94
Mobility as a Social Process ................................................................................................. 97
Comparative Models from North American Archaeology ..................................................... 101
Conclusion: Mobility in Anatolia ........................................................................................... 105
CHAPTER 4: SETTING THE SCENE: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTHWEST
ANATOLIA AND THE SOUTHEAST AEGEAN ................................................................ 109
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 109
An Overview of Evidence from the End of the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age ............... 110
The End of the Late Bronze Age: The Southeast Aegean .................................................... 112
The End of the Late Bronze Age: Southwest Anatolia ........................................................ 118
The Transition into the Early Iron Age ............................................................................... 124
The Early Iron Age: The Southeast Aegean ........................................................................ 130
The Early Iron Age: Southwest Anatolia ............................................................................ 131
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 136
CHAPTER 5: NEIGHBORS TO THE EAST: FROM CITADELS TO THE CITY IN
LYDIA ........................................................................................................................................ 139
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 139
The Archaeology of Early Lydia ............................................................................................ 141
The Archaeology of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Lydia .............................................. 145
The Archaeology of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Sardis ............................................. 154
Historical Overview ................................................................................................................ 163
The Political Geography, History, and Language of Early Lydia ...................................... 163
Language and Linguistic Change in Second Millennium Western Anatolia ...................... 166
Early Lydia: Legends and Historical Narratives................................................................ 172
Late Bronze and Early Iron Age State Formation in Lydia .................................................... 175
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 180
CHAPTER 6: NEIGHBORS TO THE SOUTH: CARIANS, LELEGIANS, AND
FOREIGNERS IN CARIA....................................................................................................... 184
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 184
The Archaeology of Early Caria: The Halicarnassos Peninsula ............................................. 186
The Late Bronze Age Evidence ........................................................................................... 188
The Early Iron Age Evidence .............................................................................................. 191
The Archaeology of Early Caria: The Wider Carian Region ................................................. 201
Historical Overview ................................................................................................................ 206
Political Geography, History, and Language of Early Caria ............................................ 206
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Early Caria: The Carians and the Lelegians ...................................................................... 212
The Carians and the Lelegians: Some Conclusions ....................................................... 222
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 225
CHAPTER 7: COMING TOGETHER: EPHESOS, MILETOS, AND IASOS ................. 230
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 230
Case Study 1: Ephesos ............................................................................................................ 234
Anatolian Apaša, Greek Ephesos? ...................................................................................... 244
Case Study 2: Miletos ............................................................................................................. 248
A Greek Settlement in Anatolia? ......................................................................................... 258
Case Study 3: Iasos ................................................................................................................. 261
From the Minoans and the Mycenaeans to the Carians? ................................................... 268
The Other Side: A Brief Look at Kos ..................................................................................... 270
Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 278
Pottery and Regional Connections in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages ..................... 278
Mobility, Interaction, and Identity in the Early Iron Age ................................................... 283
Conclusion: Mobility, not Migration ...................................................................................... 284
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 288
FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... 295
TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... 348
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 353

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Map of southwest Anatolia and the southeast Aegean showing the main LBA sites
mentioned in the text (courtesy of Lorene Sterner, modified by author).................................... 295
Figure 2: Map of southwest Anatolia and the southeast Aegean showing the main EIA sites
mentioned in the text (courtesy of Lorene Sterner, modified by author).................................... 296
Figure 3: View of the Karabel Monument (photo author). ......................................................... 297
Figure 4: Map of western and central Anatolia showing approximate location of LBA polities
(after Roosevelt and Luke 2017, Fig. 1). .................................................................................... 297
Figure 5: View of prehistoric deposits excavated under the early altars of the Temple of Hera on
Samos (after Niemeier and Maniatis 2010, Fig. 1). .................................................................... 298
Figure 6: Map of Rhodes showing locations of prehistoric activity (after Coulié and Filimonos-
Tsopotou 2014, p. 320). .............................................................................................................. 299
Figure 7: Plan of the modern settlement of Kos showing locations of prehistoric activity (after
Morricone 1975, Fig. 7). ............................................................................................................. 300
Figure 8: Map of the environs of Ephesos showing the Küçük Menderes River delta progradation
and locations of early settlement activity (after Brückner et al. 2017, Fig. 10). ......................... 301
Figure 9: Plan of prehistoric levels in the area of the Temple of Athena at Miletos (after
Niemeier 2005, Pl. 1). ................................................................................................................. 302
Figure 10: Plan of the second millennium remains at Limantepe (after Mangaloğlu-Votruba
2015, Fig. 1). ............................................................................................................................... 303
Figure 11: View of a PG curvilinear building in Area A at Limantepe (Klazomenai), looking
west (after Ersoy 2007, Fig. 2).................................................................................................... 304
Figure 12: Plan of LBA settlement at Bademgediği Tepe (after Meriç and Öz 2015, Fig. 2). ... 305
Figure 13: Plan of prehistoric remains by the West Stylobate at Iasos (after Momigliano 2012,
Fig. 61). ....................................................................................................................................... 305
Figure 14: Digital elevation model (left) and results of resistivity survey (right) at Kaymakçı
(after Roosevelt and Luke 2017, Fig. 12). .................................................................................. 306
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Figure 15: Plan of EIA domestic architecture at Gordion, Level YHSS 7 (after Voigt 2000, Fig.
3). ................................................................................................................................................ 306
Figure 16: Plan of the central and eastern part of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos showing
early remains (after Kerschner 2003, Fig. 1). ............................................................................. 307
Figure 17: Map of the environs of the Panionion, northeast of modern Güzelçamlı (after
Lohmann 2007, Fig. 53).............................................................................................................. 308
Figure 18: Plan of EPG remains and a MPG oval house at Old Smyrna (after Akurgal 1983, Fig.
3). ................................................................................................................................................ 309
Figure 19: Digital elevation model of Kolophon and its cemeteries (after Gassner et al. 2017, Fig.
17). .............................................................................................................................................. 310
Figure 20: Plan of the location of PG remains (purple) under the Archaic altar of the Temple of
Apollo at Klaros (after Zunal 2014b, Fig. 12). ........................................................................... 311
Figure 21: Map of EIA and Archaic sites on the Halicarnassos peninsula (after Carstens 2011,
Fig. 1). ......................................................................................................................................... 311
Figure 22: Map of western central Anatolia showing Bronze Age activity (after Roosevelt 2010,
Fig. 6). ......................................................................................................................................... 312
Figure 23: Map of Sardis and its environs showing the extent of the Lydian occupation (after
Cahill 2010, Fig.1). ..................................................................................................................... 313
Figure 24: Map of Chalcolithic to Bronze Age habitation around the Lake Marmara (after
Roosevelt 2010, Fig. 16). ............................................................................................................ 314
Figure 25: Map of LBA fortified settlements (in black) around Lake Marmara (after Roosevelt
and Luke 2017, Fig. 2). ............................................................................................................... 315
Figure 26: Comparison of site sizes of selected LBA citadels in Anatolia and Greece (after
Roosevelt and Luke 2009, Fig. 13). ............................................................................................ 315
Figure 27: Digital elevation model of Kaymakçı showing areas surveyed with resistivity meter
(after Roosevelt, Luke, and Sekedat 2016, Fig. 2). ..................................................................... 316
Figure 28: View of Kaymakçı excavation area 98.531 showing storage unit located on the
southwestern terrace (after Roosevelt, Luke and Ünlüsoy 2016, Fig. 12). ................................. 316
Figure 29: Plan of Sardis (after Cahill 2010, Fig. 2). ................................................................. 317
Figure 30: Plan of the earliest strata of occupation at Sardis in the House of Bronzes (1962 and
1966): circular wattle and daub hut and associated pithos cremation burial (after Spier 1983, Fig.
22). .............................................................................................................................................. 318
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Figure 31: Fragments of locally produced Mycenaean-style krater (P 69.119) from the
‘Mycenaean’ level at Sardis (after Spier 1983, Fig. 26). ............................................................ 318
Figure 32: Example of a locally produced gray ware jug (P 60.552) from the ‘Mycenaean’ level
at Sardis (after Spier 1983, Fig. 27). ........................................................................................... 319
Figure 33: One handled locally produced PG cup (P 66.107) from House of the Bronzes at Sardis
(after Kerschner 2010, Fig. 1). .................................................................................................... 319
Figure 34: View of early Lydian houses in the area of Pactolus Cliff, excavated in 1960 (after
Ramage, N. 1994, Pl. 15.2.2). ..................................................................................................... 320
Figure 35: Map showing the largest Lydian territorial control during the 6th century (after
Roosevelt 2009, Fig. 2.4). ........................................................................................................... 320
Figure 36: Map of MBA to EIA settlement activity around Lake Marmara (after Luke et al. 2015,
Fig. 1). ......................................................................................................................................... 321
Figure 37: EIA ceramic wares from Sardis showing the range of typical Lydian shapes: (1) two-
handled jug (2) lydion (3)Achaemenid bowl (4) one handled cup in gray ware (5) skyphos (6)
lekythos (7) fruitstand (8) column krater; and decorative treatments: (9) polychrome (10)
polychrome with pendant multiple brush semicircles and hooks (11) polychrome (12-13)
marbled ware (14) red on white bichrome (15) Orientalizing, polychrome (16) brown streaky
glaze ware (after Kealhofer et al. 2013, Fig. 4). ......................................................................... 322
Figure 38: Map of sites on the Halicarnassos peninsula (after Bean and Cook 1955, Fig. 1). ... 323
Figure 39: Plan and interior view of the chamber tomb at Pilavtepe (after Benter 2009, Figs. 4-5).
..................................................................................................................................................... 323
Figure 40: Drawing of Tomb 32 at Müsgebi showing LH IIIC vessels in situ (after Boysal 1967b,
Fig. 13). ....................................................................................................................................... 324
Figure 41: Drawing of a circular ‘Submycenaean’ tomb from the cemetery at Çömlekçi (after
Boysal 1967b, Fig. 23). ............................................................................................................... 324
Figure 42: ‘Submycenaean’ oinochoai from Çömlekçi (after Boysal 1985, Figs. 1-2). ............. 325
Figure 43: Plan and reconstruction of a ‘canonical’ Archaic compound at Evliç Ören on the
Halicarnassos peninsula (after Rumscheid 2009, Fig. 5). ........................................................... 325
Figure 44: Plan of Tomb A at Assarlık (after Paton 1887, Fig. 3). ............................................ 326
Figure 45: Plan of chamber tomb at Gökçebel/Dirmil (after Boysal 1967, Fig. 24a). ............... 326
Figure 46: PG pottery from Paton Tomb A (1103), Tomb C (1106, 1107), and Tomb O (A1101,
1102) at Assarlık (after Carstens 2008, Fig. 26, after Forsdyke 1925). ...................................... 327
Figure 47: LPG krater from the chamber tomb at Gökçebel/Dirmil (after Bass 1963, Fig. 15). 327
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