Mobile SmartLife via Sensing, Localization, and Cloud Ecosystems

303 Pages·2018·90.627 MB·English

by  Kaikai Liu, Xiaolin Li

Mobile SmartLife
via Sensing,
Localization, and
Cloud Ecosystems

Mobile SmartLife
via Sensing,
Localization, and
Cloud Ecosystems
Kaikai Liu and Xiaolin Li
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Liu, Kaikai, author. | Li, Xiaolin, author.
Title: Mobile smartlife via sensing, localization, and cloud ecosystems /
Kaikai Liu and Xiaolin Li.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016043423| ISBN 9781498732345 (hbk) | ISBN 9781498732369
(ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Ubiquitous computing. | Mobile computing. | Indoor
positioning systems (Wireless localization) | Cloud computing. | Sensor
networks.
Classification: LCC QA76.5915 .L56 2017 | DDC 004--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043423
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Dedicated to my beloved
and everyone who has helped me along the way

Contents
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Author Bios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvii
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Kaikai Liu and Xiaolin Li
1.1 Mobile SmartLife: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Location Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Application Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 Helping the Blind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Context-Awareness Information Accessing . . . . . . . 5
1.3.3 Locating Lost Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Research Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Book Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Overview of Mobile Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Kaikai Liu and Xiaolin Li
2.1 Overview of Location Sensing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Overview of TOA-Based Smartphone Localization Approaches 13
2.3 Architecture of the Proposed Localization System . . . . . . 16
2.4 Hardware Design for Sensors, Anchor Nodes, and Wearables 18
2.4.1 Design Requirement and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.2 Hardware Design and Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5 Cloud Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
vii
viii (cid:4) Contents
3 Acoustic Ranging and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Kaikai Liu and Xiaolin Li
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3 Transmitter Signal Design and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.1 Signal Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.2 Acoustic Beacon Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.3 Signal and Interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.4 Realtime Filtering and Wavelet Denoising . . . . . . . 28
3.4 Acoustic Receiver Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.1 Acoustic Receiver Signal Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.2 Hypothesis Test for Symbol Synchronization . . . . . 29
3.4.3 Symbol Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.5 TOA Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5.1 Spectrum Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5.2 Cluster Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5.3 TOA Estimation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.5.4 Maximizing the Right Detection Probability . . . . . . 35
3.6 Acoustic Symbol Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6.1 Challenges of Audible-Band Communication . . . . . 37
3.6.2 Communication Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.6.3 Dynamic Demodulation with Transmit Reference . . . 39
3.7 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.7.1 Experiment Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.7.2 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.7.3 Communication and Ranging Results . . . . . . . . . 46
3.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Localization Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Kaikai Liu and Xiaolin Li
4.1 Trilateration via Relative Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.1 Relative Distance from Anchor Nodes . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.2 Joint Estimation of the Position and Unknown Bias . 51
4.2 Mobile Phone Localization via Semidefinite Programming . . 55
4.2.1 Localization Measurement Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2.2 Min-Max Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.3 Semidefinite Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 Performance Bound and Anchor Network Coverage . . . . . 58
4.3.1 Fisher Information Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.2 Cramer-Rao Low Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.3 Anchor Network Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4 Position Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.4.1 NLOS and Error Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.4.2 Steepest Descent Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4.3 Coverage Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Contents (cid:4) ix
4.5 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.6 Experimental Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.6.1 Experiment Setup for Localization . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.6.2 Localization Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5 Guoguo: Enabling Fine-Grained Smartphone Localization 71
Kaikai Liu, Xinxin Liu, and Xiaolin Li
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.2 System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.2 Design Challenges and Considerations . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.3 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Anchor Network Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3.1 Design Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3.2 Anchor Node Hardware Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3.3 Transmitter Waveform Design and Modulation . . . . 78
5.3.4 High Density Pseudocode Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.5 Anchor Network Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.3.6 Symbol-Interleaved Beacon Structure. . . . . . . . . . 81
5.4 Smartphone Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.4.1 Design Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.4.2 Symbol Detection and Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.4.3 TOA Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4.4 Acoustic Beacon Synchronization and Code Matching 84
5.4.5 Distance Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4.6 Location Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.5 Error Pruning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5.1 Signal Level Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5.2 Track before Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5.3 Location Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.6 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.6.1 Sound Pressure Level Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.6.2 Maximum Operation Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.6.3 Localization in Office Environments . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.6.4 Localization in Classroom Environments . . . . . . . . 95
5.6.5 Impact of Anchor Numbers and Locations . . . . . . . 97
5.6.6 Moving Traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.6.7 System Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101