mitigating new york city's heat island with urban forestry, living roofs

173 Pages·2007·4.76 MB·English

MITIGATING NEW YORK CITY’S
HEAT ISLAND WITH URBAN FORESTRY,
LIVING ROOFS, AND LIGHT SURFACES
NEW YORK CITY REGIONAL HEAT ISLAND INITIATIVE
FINAL REPORT 06-06
OCTOBER 2006
NEW YORK STATE
ENERGY RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
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corporation created in 1975 by the New York State Legislature. NYSERDA’s responsibilities include:
• Conducting a multifaceted energy and environmental research and development program to meet
New York State’s diverse economic needs.
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efficiency, and environmental protection program.
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including low-income residents, implement energy-efficiency measures.
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STATE OF NEW YORK ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
George E. Pataki Vincent A. DeIorio, Esq., Chairman
Governor Peter R. Smith, President
MITIGATING NEW YORK CITY’S

HEAT ISLAND WITH URBAN FORESTRY,

LIVING ROOFS, AND LIGHT SURFACES

NEW YORK CITY REGIONAL HEAT ISLANDINITIATIVE

FINAL REPORT

Prepared for the
NEW YORK STATE

ENERGY RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

Albany, NY

www.nyserda.org

Peter Savio

Project Manager

Prepared by

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR CLIMATE SYSTEMS RESEARCH &

NASA/GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES

New York, NY

Cynthia Rosenzweig

Principal Investigator

and

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY,

HUNTER COLLEGE - CUNY

New York, NY
William D. Solecki

Principal Investigator

and

SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORP. (SAIC)
Albany, NY

Ronald B. Slosberg

Principal Investigator

NYSERDA October 2006
NYSERDA 6681
Report 06-06
NOTICE
This report was prepared by the Columbia University Center for Climate Systems
Research at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Hunter College – CUNY, and SAIC
Corporation in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New
York State Energy Research and Development Authority (hereafter “NYSERDA”). The
opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of NYSERDA or the
State of New York, and reference to any specific product, service, process, or method
does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it.
Further, NYSERDA, the State of New York, and the contractor make no warranties or
representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose or
merchantability of any product, apparatus, or service, or the usefulness, completeness, or
accuracy of any processes, methods, or other information contained, described, disclosed,
or referred to in this report. NYSERDA, the State of New York, and the contractor make
no representation that the use of any product, apparatus, process, method, or other
information will not infringe privately owned rights and will assume no liability for any
loss, injury, or damage resulting from, or occurring in connection with, the use of
information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report.
ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS

This study uses a regional climate model (MM5) in combination with observed

meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living
(green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban
heat island in New York City. Nine mitigation scenarios are evaluated city-wide and in
six case study areas. Temperature impacts are calculated both on a per-unit area basis, as
well as taking into account the available land area for implementation, and other physical
constraints. The scenarios are then evaluated based on their cost-effectiveness at
reducing air temperature and resulting energy demand. All the mitigation strategies have
a significant temperature impact. A combined strategy that maximizes the amount of
vegetation in New York City by planting trees along streets and in open spaces, as well as
by building living (or green) roofs (i.e. ecological infrastructure), offers more potential
cooling than any individual strategy. Among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces,
light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more
than the other strategies. The choice of a strategy should consider the characteristics and
priorities of the neighborhood, including benefit/cost factors and the available area for
implementation of each strategy.
Keywords – urban heat island mitigation, energy demand, cost-benefit analysis, MM5
Editors
Cynthia Rosenzweig Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research and
NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies
William D. Solecki Hunter College – City University of New York
Lily Parshall Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research
Sara Hodges Hunter College – City University of New York
Project Members
Observed Data and Model Evaluation
Richard Goldberg Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research
Stuart Gaffin Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research
Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis
Jennifer Cox Hunter College – City University of New York and
Regional Plan Association
Statistical Analysis and Case Study Synthesis
Sara Hodges Hunter College – City University of New York
MM5 Regional Climate Model
Barry Lynn Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research
Mitigation Scenarios
Cynthia Rosenzweig Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research and
NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies
William D. Solecki Hunter College – City University of New York
Lily Parshall Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research
Air Quality and Public Health
Patrick Kinney Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
Joyce Rosenthal Columbia University School of Architecture, Planning, and
Preservation
Rob Crauderueff Sustainable South Bronx
NYSERDA and DEC Partners
Peter Savio New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
Mark Watson New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
Elizabeth Perry New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
Janet Joseph New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
Frank M. Dunstan New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Kevin Civerolo New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Editorial Support
Todd Paul New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
Advisory Committee
Matthew Hudson Arnn United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service
David F. Bomke New York Energy Consumers Council, Inc.
John Dickinson New York City Mayor’s Office of Environmental Coordination
Adam W. Hinge Sustainable Energy Partnerships
Laurie Kerr New York City Department of Design and Construction
Edward J. Linky United States Environmental Protection Agency – Region II
Jacqueline Lu New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Joseph Madia Consolidated Edison Company of New York
Sandra Meier Environmental Energy Alliance of New York
Stephen A. Pertusiello Consolidated Edison Company of New York
Nicole Rodriguez New York City Department of City Planning
Gopal Sistla New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Megan Sheremata New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Fiona Watt New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Michael Weil City of New York Department of City Planning
Eva Wong United States Environmental Protection Agency
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section

PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………….xiv
SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………..S-1

1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..1

Project Objectives………………………………………………………………....3

Key Questions……………………………………………………………………...4

Urban Heat Island Processes……………………………………………………...4

The Urban Heat Island of New York City………………………………………..6

Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies………………………………………....7

Case Study Areas………………………………………………………………....12

2 DETERMINING TEMPERATURE IMPACTS: STUDY METHODS, DATA,

AND MODELS………………………………………………………………………21

Identification of Heat-Wave Periods……………………………………………21

Characterization of New York City’s Heat Island on Heat-Wave Days………23

Remote Sensing Data…………………………………………………………….23

NDVI and Albedo…………………..…………………………………………….25

GIS Data………………………………………………………………………….27

Land Surface Data……………………………………………………………….28

Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………………….....31

MM5 Regional Climate Model………………………………………………….35

Mitigation Scenarios…………………………………………………………….39

3 CITY-WIDE TEMPERATURE IMPACTS………………………………………..44

Answers to Key Questions on Temperature Impacts………………………….45
Discussion of City-Wide Results………………………………………………..48

Urban Heat Island Simulations with MM5…………………………………….49

4 CASE STUDY TEMPERATURE IMPACTS………………………………………52

Mid-Manhatan West……………………………………………………………52

Lower Manhattan East…………………………………………………………..53

Fordham Bronx…………………………………………………………………..54

Maspeth Queens………………………………………………………………….54

Crown Heights Broklyn……………………………………………………….5

Ocean Parkway Brooklyn………………………………………………………..56

5 ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSIS……………………………………………………58

Temperature versus kW Load Model………………………………………....58

MM5 Temperature Impacts…………………………………………………...62

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Estimating Electric Load Impacts…………………………………………....64

6 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS……………………………………………………….67

Mitigation Scenario Costs……………………………………………………...67

Cost - Benefit Modeling………………………………………………………...70

Analysis Assumptions and Limitations………………………………………..71

Results………………………………………………………………………….72

Answers to Key Questions on Costs and Benefits ……………………………73

7 OTHER BENEFITS OF MITIGATION STRATEGIES…………………………..78

Air Quality and Public Health…………………………………………………...78

Grenhouse Gas Emisions………………………………………………………79

8 CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………....81

9 FURTHER RESEARCH…………………………………………………...………...83

10 RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………….84
11 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………….85
APPENDIX A Tree Species Selection for New York City (Nowak, USFS)…………..93

APPENDIX B Evaluation of WeatherBug Data Quality…………………………….110

APPENDIX C Remote Sensing Surface Temperature Algorithm…………………..112

APPENDIX D Additional GIS Data………………………………………………….113

APPENDIX E Borough-Level Statistical Analysis…………..……………………….116

APPENDIX F Evaluation of MM5 v3.7+SEBM………………………………..........119

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