Mites (Acari) for Pest Control

550 Pages·2003·5.32 MB·English

Mites (Acari)
for Pest Control
Mites (Acari)
for Pest Control
Uri Gerson1, Robert L. Smiley2 and Ronald Ochoa2
1Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural,
Food and Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA.
© 2003 Blackwell Science Ltd First published 2003 by
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Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations ix
Foreword (by J.R. Coulson) xi
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1 History, definitions and current work 1
Chapter 2 The Acari 11
Chapter 3 An illustrated key to the relevant acarine families 26
Chapter 4 Acaridae 69
Chapter 5 Acarophenacidae 74
Chapter 6 Anystidae 78
Chapter 7 Arrenuridae 84
Chapter 8 Ascidae 89
Chapter 9 Bdellidae 94
Chapter 10 Camerobiidae 100
Chapter 11 Ceratozetidae 101
Chapter 12 Cheyletidae 103
Chapter 13 Cunaxidae 112
Chapter 14 Ereynetidae 114
Chapter 15 Eriophyidae 117
Chapter 16 Erythraeidae 127
Chapter 17 Eupalopsellidae 131
Chapter 18 Galumnidae 133
Chapter 19 Hemisarcoptidae 136
Chapter 20 Hydryphantidae 149
Chapter 21 Laelapidae 151
Chapter 22 Limnesiidae 159
Chapter 23 Macrochelidae 161
Chapter 24 Otopheidomenidae 170
v
vi Contents
Chapter 25 Parasitidae 171
Chapter 26 Phytoseiidae 173
Chapter 27 Pionidae 219
Chapter 28 Podapolipidae 222
Chapter 29 Pterygosomidae 225
Chapter 30 Pyemotidae 227
Chapter 31 Scheloribatidae 232
Chapter 32 Stigmaeidae 234
Chapter 33 Tarsonemidae 247
Chapter 34 Tetranychidae 250
Chapter 35 Trombidiidae 255
Chapter 36 Tydeidae 258
Chapter 37 Uropodidae 263
Chapter 38 Acarine biocontrol agents as enemies of problem-causing
organisms 266
Chapter 39 Introducing, culturing and establishing acarine
biocontrol agents 287
Chapter 40 The sex ratio of acarine biocontrol agents 323
Chapter 41 The effect of host plants and the ground cover on
acarine biocontrol agents 332
Chapter 42 Intraguild predation and other interactions among
acarine biocontrol agents 360
Chapter 43 The effect of agricultural chemicals on acarine
biocontrol agents 367
Chapter 44 Demonstrating the efficacy of acarine biocontrol agents 384
Chapter 45 Environmental constraints in the use of acarine
biocontrol agents 399
Chapter 46 Commercial and economic aspects in the use of
acarine biocontrol agents 406
Chapter 47 Recommendations for future work 413
Glossary 417
References 428
Author index 509
Subject index 521
Acknowledgements
The following colleagues kindly read and commented critically on various chapters:
Dr Val Behan-Pelletier (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada), Dr Heather Proctor (Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith
University, Queensland, Australia), Prof. Zhi-Qiang Zhang (Landcare Research,
Auckland, New Zealand), Dr Yael Argov (The Israel Cohen Institute for Biological
Control, Bet Dagan, Israel), Dr Eric Palevsky (Department of Entomology, Volcani
Center, Bet Dagan, Israel), Prof. Baruch Rubin and Dr Moshe Coll (Faculty of
Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Rehovot, Israel). The senior author
wishes to extend special thanks to Dr R. Mozes-Koch (Faculty of Agricultural, Food
and Environmental Sciences, Rehovot, Israel) for help with esoteric terms and
methodology. The special assistance of Prof. Zhang and Drs Behan-Pelletier and Ian
M. Smith (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada) and Dr Calvin C.
Welbourn (Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville,
Florida, USA) is also appreciated.
For the authorisation to use figures in this book we thank Drs G.W. Krantz
(Oregon State University, Oregon, USA), Dr David R. Cook (Paradise Valley,
Arizona, USA), Dr Vikram Prasad (Indira Publishing House, Michigan, USA) and
Prof. Harold A. Denmark (Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer
Services, Gainesville, Florida, USA). Thanks are also due to Dr M. Bertrand
(Acarologia, Paris, France), Ms J. Byron (Hilgardia, California, USA), Mrs I. de Boer
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands) and Prof. A. Fain
(Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium) for permis-
sion to use certain figures. In addition, we express our thanks to Christopher J. Fall,
BioQuip Products, Inc. (Gardena, California, USA, e-mail: [email protected]), for
permission to use their figures.
Finally, we extend our appreciation to Dr Michael Schauff (Systematic Entomology
Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Maryland, USA), for support during the preparation of
this publication, and to Ethan C. Kane (University of Maryland, Beltsville, USA) and
Eric F. Erbe and Christopher Pooley (Electron Microscopy Unit-SGIL, USDA ARS),
for help with figures and SEM photo digital preparations. Special thanks are due to
Dr Jack R. Coulson (Director, Biological Control Documentation Center, USDA,
ARS, Maryland, USA), for preparing the Foreword.
vii
Abbreviations
ABA Acarine biocontrol agent
AChE Acetylcholinesterase
AI Active ingredient (of a pesticide)
AIRS Airborne Insect Release System
Bt Bacillus thuringiensis
CGM Cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa
COI Cytochrome oxidase subunit I
CPB Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
CRB Carbamates (group of insecticides)
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, an OCL pesticide
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EI Ecoclimatic index
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ERM European red mite,Panonychus ulmi
FA Fluctuating asymmetry
F/M Female to male ratio
GM Genetically modified (plants)
GST Glutathione S-transferase
HQ Host quality (model)
IGP Intraguild predation
IGR Insect growth regulator
IOBC International Organisation for Biological Control
IPM Integrated pest management
km Kilometre
L/D Light/dark (hours)
LMC Local mate competition (model)
Lx Lux (unit of illumination)
MFO Mixed function oxidase
MRF Mass-rearing facility
OCL Organochlorines (group of insecticides)
OP Organophosphates (group of insecticides)
OSR Operational sex ratio (model)
PAGE Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PE Postcolonisation evolution
PYR Pyrethroids (group of insecticides)
RAPD Random amplified polymorphic DNA
RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism
RH Relative humidity
ix
x Abbreviations
RLEM Red-legged earth mite, Penthaleus major
r Intrinsic rate of increase
m
R Net reproductive rate
0
RRD Rose rosette disease
SCR Southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi
SEM Scanning electron microscope
SJS San José scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
SPB Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis
SR Sex ratio (proportion of females from total population;
females/males + females)
TRM Tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici
TSSM Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae
TSWV Tomato spotted wilt virus
VAM Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
WA Western Australia
WFT Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
Foreword
The initial publication of Acarine Biocontrol Agents, published in 1990, was a most
welcomed reference work for practitioners of biological control. A Chinese transla-
tion of the book was published in 1996. This new book provides important additional
and updated information. As in the first, this new version discusses, in detail, the 34
acarine families (five more than in the first book) that contain mites useful for the
control of insects, mites and nematodes, as well as of weeds (a subject new to this edi-
tion), and provides an illustrated taxonomic key for their identification. This infor-
mation and the list of relevant publications are brought up to date.
Mites have been used in various ways for biological control, and a number of
species, particularly phytoseiids, are sold commercially throughout the world for bio-
logical control. My specific interest in the subject matter relates to the use of mites in
‘classical biological control’, i.e. the importation of exotic species for the control of
introduced pests. The authors have all been involved in taxonomic and other research
on mites for many years, with many publications to their credit. Their authorship of
such a comprehensive work relating to biological control as this book is most fitting.
In regard to my specific interest: Uri Gerson long ago reminded me that the first bio-
logical control agent involved in classical biological control was a mite; Robert Smiley
is the describer of an acarine parasite introduced by the US Department of
Agriculture (USDA) (but not established) in the USA as a biological control agent of
the Mexican bean beetle; and Ronald Ochoa has provided comments concerning
exotic mites proposed for introduction in North America to me in my role as a mem-
ber of USDA’s Technical Advisory Group for Biological Control of Weeds. Several
species of mites have recently been introduced throughout the world for the biologi-
cal control of weeds, and I am pleased to see this subject covered in the new version.
To conclude, I can only repeat the words of the author of the Foreword to the first
edition, Lloyd Knutson, that this updated book ‘will be of great value to the biologi-
cal control worker and to acarologists, the specialist and non-specialist, the field-
person and the theoretician’. It will certainly be a welcomed addition to the ARS
Biological Control Documentation Center library.
Jack R. Coulson
Director, Biological Control Documentation Center
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
xi
Introduction
Biological control provides an environmentally safe, cost-effective and energy-
efficient means of pest control, either alone or as a component of integrated pest
management. The predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae are examples of bio-
logical control agents that have been recognised only recently as effective compo-
nents of agricultural systems. The relative slowness with which this fact was
recognised suggested to us that other mite groups may be overlooked at present
but be capable of serving as effective biological control agents as soon as we gain
additional knowledge.
This paragraph, which opened the introduction to the first ever conference on the
biological control of pests by mites (Hoy et al., 1983a), was also the starting point of
our first book (Gerson & Smiley, 1990) and serves the same purpose in the present,
much enlarged version.
In the past there was little communication between acarologists and biological con-
trol practitioners; the conference whose proceedings were edited by Hoy et al.
(1983a) was convened to serve as a meeting ground for these two groups of scientists.
The wide choice of topics discussed attested to advances that had been made as well
as to the very many goals that were yet to be attained. One of the major problems
recognised was the need to educate pest management practitioners that mites (Acari)
could serve as biocontrol agents. Professionals engaged in economic entomology
(including medical and veterinary applications) often recognise mites and record
their presence in association with pests. However, being untrained in acarology, these
practitioners seldom identify the Acari and often ignore them or, at best, refer their
specimens to overworked mite specialists. Answers are long in coming and interest
raised in the observer could be dissipated by that time, or the situation in the field
might have changed. The present volume, as was our first version, is intended to serve
as an introduction to the use of mites in the biological control of pests and includes
data published up to the end of the year 2000; a few later publications are also
included.
This book does not discuss all mite families that have ever been recorded as being
associated with pests. Only families with one or more members that are known or are
postulated to have an adverse effect on pest numbers and/or to reduce their damage
are included, comprising a total of 34 families of acarine biological agents, abbrevi-
ated throughout to ABAs. Members of many additional families are known to prey
on or to parasitise pests (Smiley & Knutson, 1983), but the lack of quantitative data
about their effects (if any) on the prey/host populations precluded their inclusion.
Cases in point are some terrestrial and aquatic families of the prostigmatic
Parasitengona, and the terrestrial Caligonellidae. The former include several families
that could have potential use in pest control (Welbourn, 1983), as well as many
xiii