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Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 1920-1927 PDF

924 Pages·1989·26.59 MB·English
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Missionaries of Revolution Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM Missionaries of Revolution SOVIET ADVISERS AND NATIONALIST CHINA 1920-1927 C. Martin Wilbur and Julie Lien-ying How Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England 1989 Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM Copyright © 1989 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 This book is printed on acid-free paper, and its binding materials have been chosen for strength and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wilbur, C. Martin (Clarence Martin), 1908- Missionaries of revolution : Soviet advisers and Nationalist China, 1920-1927 / C. Martin Wilbur and Julie Lien-ying How. p. cm. — Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-674-57652-7 (alk. paper) 1. China—Foreign relations—Soviet Union. 2. Soviet Union— Foreign relations—China. 3. China—Foreign relations—1912-1949. 4. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—1917-1945. I. How, Julie Lien- ying, d. 1982. II. Title. DS740.5.S65W55 1989 327.51047—dc 19 88-19124 CIP Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM Studies of the East Asian Institute Columbia University The senior author dedicates this book to the memory of Julie Lien-ying How and Lydia Holubnychy Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM Contents Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii BOOK I: MISSIONARIES OF REVOLUTION Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Forming a Tripartite Cooperation, 1920-1923 18 Chapter 2: Starting a Revolution with Sun Yat-sen, February 1923-March 1925 79 Chapter 3: The Revolution Heats Up 140 Chapter 4: Conflict among the Revolutionaries amid Preparations for a Northern Expedition 209 Chapter 5: The Chinese Communist Party on the Eve of the Northern Expedition, May-July 1926 286 Chapter 6: First Months of the Northern Expedition, Spring-December 1926 311 Chapter 7: Consolidating Revolutionary Gains and Contesting over Policy 356 Chapter 8: Tearing the Revolution Apart 385 Conclusion 413 Epilogue 418 BOOK II: THE DOCUMENTS Introduction 439 Part I: Three Historical Accounts 441 1. A Brief History of the Chinese Communist Party (to September 1926) 442 2. Report on the Communistic Movement of Youth in China (to November 1926) 472 3. The National Revolutionary Army: Short History of Its Origin, Development, and Organization (to March 1926) 479 Part II: Developments in Canton, 1924-1925 489 4. Regulations of the Military School for Officers of the National Guard in Canton (early 1924) 490 5. Borodin's Report on the Revolutionary Committee (October 14, 1924) 497 6. Bliukher's Letter to Chiang Kai-shek (April 16, 1925) 500 7. Chiang Kai-shek's Letter to Bliukher (June 26, 1925) 502 8. Conditions at Canton after the Events at Shameen on June 23, 1925 (to Mid-July 1925) 506 9. Prospects for Further Work in the South, or the Grand Plan of Kuomintang Military Activity for 1926 (September 20, 1925) 508 10. Notes on Several Meetings of the Military Council (July 4- ca. July 20, 1925) 517 11. Chiang Kai-shek's Speech to the Military Council (July 26, 1925) 521 Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM viti Contents 12. Extract from the Report "Journey to Canton in October 1925," by A. Khmelev 523 Part III: The Chinese Communist Party in 1925 526 13. A Concrete Policy for the Work of Training the Chinese Communist Party Branch and the Chinese Socialist Youth Corps in Moscow (probably before February 1925) 527 14. Resolutions on the Question of Organization (October 1925) 530 15. Resolutions on Relations Between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang (October 1925) 533 16. Resolutions on the Question of Propaganda (October 1925) 536 17. An Outline of the Curriculum of the Chinese Party's "A" and "B" Party Schools (After October 1925) 539 18. Our Immediate Attitude Toward the Kuomintang in the North (November 25, 1925) 543 19. Plans for the Organization of Party Cells (December 10, 1925) 548 Part IV: Developments in Kwangtung, November 1925-March 1926 553 20. Report Relating to Counter-Espionage Work in Kwangtung During November 1925 (December 1925) 554 21. Instructions to the Commissions for Reorganization of the National Revolutionary Army (November 1925) 562 22. Kuibyshev's Report on Military Developments in Kwangtung (January 1926) 564 23. The South China Group of Military-Political Workers: Draft Regulations and Staff List (January 1926) 574 24. Plan and Regulations for the Central Military-Political Apademy of the National Revolutionary Army (Mid-January to Mid-February 1926) 584 25. Report on the Hong Kong-Canton Strike, March 1926 594 Part V: Analysis of the Armed Forces of the Nationalist Government in March 1926 597 26. Report on the National Revolutionary Army and the Kuomintang, Early 1926 (March 1926) 598 27. Organization of the Highest Organs for Administration of the Army 616 28. General Characteristics of the Armed Forces of the National Government 619 29. The Training of the National Revolutionary Army for War 623 30. Characteristics of the Officer Personnel of the Army 627 31. Characteristics of Enlisted Personnel 629 32. Organization of an Army Corps and Its Component Units 632 33. Organization and Function of Army Staffs 634 34. Report on Sanitary Conditions in the National Revolutionary Army of the Canton Government, as of March 15, 1926 636 35. Aviation 640 36. The High-Sea and River Patrol Fleet of the Kuomintang Government 644 Part VI: Political Work in the National Revolutionary Army and Communist Penetration, July 1925-March 1926 654 37. Political Work in the National Revolutionary Army (Mid-March 1926) 655 Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM Contents ix 38. Regulations Governing the Political Directorate of the National Revolutionary Army (March 15, 1926) 668 39. Program of Political Lessons for Enlisted Personnel (December 1925) 672 40. How to Carry on the Political Education of Officers (ca. December 1925) 677 41. Regulations Governing Political Commissaries [Party Representatives] in the National Revolutionary Army (Mid-March 1926) 679 42. Letter of the Political Directorate (P.U.R.) to All Political Commissaries of the National Revolutionary Army (Mid-March 1926) 682 43. Number of Members of the Chinese Communist Party in the National Revolutionary Army (Mid-March 1926) 685 44. The Military Section Attached to the Provisional [Provincial] Commission of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 686 45. List of Questions for Guiding Commissions of Control in Charge of Checking on Qualifications of Members of the Chinese Communist Party 689 46. Young Military Men Association [League of Chinese Military Youth] 690 47. Regulations Governing the Military Tribunal of the National Revolutionary Army (Mid-March 1926) 692 48. Directives to the Military Tribunal Relating to Penalties 695 49. Characteristics of Prominent Men of the Kuomintang (Before March 20, 1926) 697 Part VII: Reactions to the Chimg-shan Gunboat Incident of March 20, 1926 702 50. Stepanov's Report on the March Twentieth Incident (ca. April 2, 1926) 703 51. Stepanov's Report to a Meeting of the Soviet Group at Canton (Before April 16, 1926) 708 52. Summary Report by "Seifulin" on Political Developments in Canton in May 1926 717 Part VIII: The Chinese Communist Party, July 1926 721 53. Political Report of the Central Committee 722 54. Resolutions on Relations Between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang 727 55. Resolutions on the Question of Organization 730 56. Resolutions on the Work of the Propaganda Department 735 57. Resolutions on the Labor Movement 739 58. Resolutions on the Peasant Movement 745 59. Resolutions on the Red Spears Movement 750 60. Resolutions on the Merchants Movement 752 61. Resolutions on the Women's Movement 754 62. Resolutions on the Student Movement 756 63. Resolutions on the Work of the Chinese Communist Youth Corps 758 64. Resolutions on the Relief Movement 760 65. Resolutions on the Military Movement 762 Part IX: The Northern Expedition, August 1926-March 1927 764 66. Nefedov's Report on the Eighth Army (August 9, 1926) 765 67. Instructions to Soviet Advisers on Reporting Military Intelligence (September 6, 1926) 767 68. The Chinese Communist Party's Proposals on Military and Political Strategy (October 13, 1926) 769 69. Tairov's Report to Borodin on the Situation at Wuhan (October 30, 1926) 771 Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM χ Contents 70. Kumanin's Report on the Central Military Political Academy at Whampoa (October 30, 1926) 777 71. Kostuchenko's Report on the Bureau of Aviation; and General Plan for Organization of an Air Service in the National Revolutionary Army (November 12, 1926, and September 22, 1926) 781 72. Naumov's Report on Military and Political Conditions in Kwangtung (November 15, 1926) 790 73. Resolutions on the Chinese Communist Youth Corps Adopted at the [Sixth] Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Young Communist International (ca. November 20, 1926) 798 74. Minutes of a Meeting of the Provisional Joint Council of the Kuomintang's Central Executive Committee and the National Government Council (December 29, 1926) 801 75. Political Report of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (January 8, 1927) 803 76. Political Report of the Central Committee [of the Chinese Communist Party] (January 26, 1927) 806 77. Regulations Relating to Nuclei of the Chinese Communist Party in Units of the National Revolutionary Army (January 30, 1927) 810 78. Report on the Work of the Peking Local Committee in the National Movement (February 10, 1927) 814 79. Report of the Taiyuan Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on Political Conditions in Shansi (February 18, 1927) 829 80. Report on the Split Between Chiang Kai-shek and T'ang Sheng-chih (March 5, 1927) 831 81. Circular Notice on Relations Between the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese Communist Youth Corps (March 26, 1927) 833 Bibliography 837 Index 867 Illustrations following page 436 Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/14/17 3:57 AM

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