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Miranda: World Citizen PDF

352 Pages·1952·6.331 MB·English
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IRANDA: WORLD CITIZEN IRANDA INTRODUCTION BY GALO PLAZA FOREWORD BY SUMNER WELLES WORLD CITIZEN Joseph F. Thorning UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA * 1952 A UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS BOOK DESIGNED BY H. S. HAINES opyright, 1952, by the University of Florida. All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book, or portions thereof, in any form, except by a re­ viewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper. First Printing, May, IQ52 Second Printing, December, IÇ$2 PRINTED BY THE RECORD PRESS. INC.. ST. AUGUSTINE. FLORIDA DEDICATION s a tribute of esteem, admiration, and affection, this book is dedicated to the Honorable Thurmond Chatham, M.C., member of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States House of Representatives, and to his wife, Patricia Firestone Chatham. INTRODUCTION BY HIS EXCELLENCY, A GALO PLAZA, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR t a time when interest in world organization is at high tide, it is heartening to find that a freedom-loving son of South America, Don Francisco de Miranda, can be described, in the happy phrase of Dr. Joseph F. Thorning of North America, as “an advance agent of the United Nations.” Throughout the Bolivarian Republics, the ideal of reason and law, dominating violence, is one that has a mighty appeal for the people. Although patriotic citizens of their own countries, they recognize that, in the line of social progress, they all have a paral­ lel, if not deeper, loyalty to the human race. South Americans owe this vision, in no small part, to the inspiration they derived from the career and principles of the Liberator Simón Bolívar. With the intuition bom of genius, Bolivar thought in terms of continents $ from the snow-dad mountain peaks of the Andean range his eyes saw the unifying possibilities of two oceans. Neither the Atlantic nor the Pacific was a barrier to his quest for a peace­ ful brotherhood based on order and liberty. Not the least merit of this new volume, Miranda: World Citizen, is the author’s clear demonstration that order and liberty, as the basis of American democracy and world peace, were ideals that illuminated the life of the Precursor as they subsequently served as beacon lights for the Liberator. Both Miranda and Boli­ var, although generalissimos of the armed forces, were, in a higher sense, heroes of peace. FOREWORD BY THE HONORABLE SUMNER WELLES, I FORMER UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE n the months before he became President, while the essen­ tial principles of what was later called the Good Neighbor Policy were being formulated, Franklin Roosevelt once said to me that in his study of the men who played a leading part in winning the independence of the peoples of the New World, Francisco de Miranda, as a man, represented to him the most puzzling problem of them all. He thought him an insoluble enigma. It is easy to understand the reasons for the President’s perplexi­ ty. For Miranda was a true adventurer in the great tradition, if there ever was one; an opportunist who lived by his wits; an amoralist who was conspicuously unscrupulous in his personal re­ lations and devoid of any regard for even those laxer standards of financial integrity that prevailed in his day; a man who died under the shadow of the charges of treason, cowardice, and cor­ ruption brought against him by Bolivar. Yet at the same time here was a man who for thirty-two years sought tirelessly to further the attainment of the great vision of freedom which he had seen before it had been vouchsafed to his compatriots, and which he described in these words: “In the year 1784 in the City of New York I formed a project for the liberty and independence of the entire Spanish-American Continent with the cooperation of England.” By that vision Miranda was thereafter dominated and to that ideal his great abilities were wholeheartedly dedicated. Had it not been for the skill and persistence of the “Precursor”—as he is well named by the historians of his own lands—the independ­ ence of the Spanish-American peoples must inevitably have been delayed. Here was an American liberator who from the outset saw the whole rather than the part, and who spurned the parochial view that some of the Spanish Colonies could enjoy an assured free­ dom even though others remained slave; who as early as Decem­ ber 22, 1797, signed an agreement with de Salas of Chile and del Pozo of Peru for mutual assistance in bringing about the inde­ pendence of all of South America; and who as gladly served the cause of independence in Mexico, Peru, Buenos Aires, and the Miranda: world citizen X West Indies as he served the cause of liberty in his native Vene­ zuela. Here was a son of the New World who, at a moment when Britain’s help for the independence movement in South America was desperately needed, indignantly rejected the suggestion that this assistance might be given in return for the establishment of a British naval base at La Guaira, and declared he would have no part in a scheme that was “hostile to the country’s sovereignty’^ and here was an architect of the first Latin-American constitution who had studied democracy at its source in France, Switzerland, England, and the United States, who held that “No people with­ out philosophy and education can preserve its liberty,” and who asked, “Without a Constitution can life be tolerable?” Here was a man who could convince two such grotesquely dis­ parate witnesses as Napoleon Bonaparte and the Reverend Dr. Ezra Stiles, President of Yale, of the sincerity of his faith. Na­ poleon said of him, “In his heart a sacred fire burns.” To Presi­ dent Stiles he was “This flaming Son of Liberty.” In an era when, in Osbert Sitwell’s phrase, we seem to consider the ant a paragon, it is refreshing to look back to those decades at the turn of the eighteenth century—that amazing age when the times were propitious for the development in every field of endeavor of the most brilliant galaxy of truly notable individuals to be found in any equivalent period in modern history. Even in this assemblage of contemporaries by whose thought, writing, artistic achievement, statesmanship, or military skill the course of mankind is still so profoundly influenced, Francisco de Miranda is without doubt exceptional. Like most of the salient figures of his day, Miranda was domi­ nated by an unquenchable intellectual curiosity. There was no aspect of human activity in which he was not interested and there were few in which he did not achieve proficiency. As a military leader, a statesman, and a diplomatist he excelled. As a propa­ gandist for the cause of freedom in the New World he showed true genius. In a period when genius was to be seen on every side and when the romantic, the colorful, and the distinguished were the rule rather than the exception, Miranda was never overshadowed.

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.