Table Of Content

Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair Minor Spices and Condiments Global Economic Potential Minor Spices and Condiments Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair Minor Spices and Condiments Global Economic Potential Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair Villament G3 C/o Dr. Mavila Pankajakshy Malaparamba, Kozhikode, Kerala, India ISBN 978-3-030-82245-3 ISBN 978-3-030-82246-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82246-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland My late father Kuniyeri Pookkalam Kannan Nair, a well-respected police officer who served the Imperial Police and was decorated with the King George V medal for brav- ery and honesty, and my late mother Kodoth Padinhareveetil Narayani Amma, daugh- ter of the aristocratic Kodoth family of North Malabar, Kerala State, India; I lost them both at a very young age, but whose endearing love and blessings made me what I am today The late Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, India’s great president, launched the book Issues in National and International Agriculture, authored by Professor Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair, at the Raj Bhavan (Governor’s Office), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India I dedicate this important book, compiled at the most difficult phase of my professional life, with so many constraints coming my way, in particular, due to the global covid pandemic, to the memory of my late eldest brother Dr. Kodoth Padinhareveetil Krishnan Nair, a Physician par excellence, a magnanimous soul, one who had helped innumerable persons, and his wife, Shrimathi Sathy V. Nair, who treated me like a mother, and, also my elder brother late Engineer Kodoth Padinhareveetil Rathnakaran Nair, known for his foresight and forth righteousness, who motivated me to study agricultural science, in India, at a time when the subject was least sought after, in fact, looked down upon. The former financed my undergraduate studies in agriculture, the latter, my post graduate studies. My late sisters, Kodoth Padinahareveetil Karthiayini Amma and Dr. Kodoth Padinhareveetil Meenakshi Amma were also supportive of my education, though not financially, during my very difficult younger days Acknowledgements It is my great pleasure to very sincerely thank Ms. Deepthi Vasudevan, Project Editor (Books), who was so very conscientious of her editorial responsibilities, and Mr. P. Balaji, Project Manager, and his team, who did a remarkable job in the production of this important book. Dr. J. Rema, Director, Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), Calicut, Kerala State, India, was very gracious to provide most of the excellent color photographs. I am also grateful to Dr. Jayasree, Head of Post Harvest Technology at IISR, who also very kindly provided some of the color photos. I am much indebted to both. ix Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Onion and Garlic -Bulbous Spices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Onion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 New Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Crop Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Soil Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Crop Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Transplanting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Direct Bulb Planting for Green Onions as Salad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Direct Planting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Interculture, Weeding and Rogueing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Seed Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Isolation Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Crop Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Cold Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Storage Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Neck Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Sorting and Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 xi xii Contents Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Effect of Packing Material on Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Crop Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Curing, Packaging and Storing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Uses of Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Garlic as an Insecticide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Garlic in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Leek/Stone Leek/Welsh Onion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Crop Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Ajowan or Bishop’s Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Crop Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Cultural Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Rainfed Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Post-Harvest Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Processed Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Essential Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Medical Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Celery Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Economic Importance and International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Area and Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Crop Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Land Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Sowing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Plant Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Tissue Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Threshing and Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Post Harvest Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Adulteration in Celery Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Packaging and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Processed Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Seed-Based Processed Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Celery Seed Oleoresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55