Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology: The Origins and Organization of Adaptation and Maladaptation, Volume 36

486 Pages·2011·2.419 MB·English

Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology: The Origins and
Organization of Adaptation and Maladaptation
Edited by Dante Cicchetti and Glenn I. Roisman
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Minnesota Symposia
(cid:2)
on Child Psychology
Volume 36
Minnesota Symposia
on Child Psychology
The Origins and
Organization of Adaptation
(cid:2)
and Maladaptation
Volume 36
Edited by
Dante Cicchetti
and
Glenn I. Roisman
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Contents
Preface vii
Contributors xiii
1 The Early History and Legacy of the Minnesota
Parent-Child Longitudinal Study 1
Sarah C. Mangelsdorf
2 The Emotionate Child 13
Ross A. Thompson
3 Attachment, Temperament, and Adaptation: One Long
Argument 55
Brian E. Vaughn and Nana Shin
4 Earned-Security in Retrospect: Emerging Insights
from Longitudinal, Experimental, and Taxometric
Investigations 109
Glenn I. Roisman and Katherine C. Haydon
5 Relationships Across the Lifespan: The Benefits of
a Theoretically Based Longitudinal-Developmental
Perspective 155
W. Andrew Collins, Peter LaFreniere, and Jeffry A. Simpson
6 Rethinking Adolescent States of Mind: A Relationship/
Lifespan View of Attachment and Psychopathology 185
Roger Kobak and Kristyn Zajac
v
vi Contents
7 A Developmental Approach to Clinical Research,
Classification, and Practice 231
Tuppett M. Yates, Keith B. Burt, and Michael F. Troy
8 Frightening Maternal Behavior, Infant Disorganization,
and Risks for Psychopathology 283
Deborah Jacobvitz, Nancy Hazen, Maria Zaccagnino, Serena
Messina, and Lauren Beverung
9 From Research to Practice: Developmental Contributions
to the Field of Prevention Science 323
Sheree L. Toth, Robert C. Pianta, and Martha Farrell Erickson
10 Beyond Adversity, Vulnerability, and Resilience: Individual
Differences in Developmental Plasticity 379
Jay Belsky and Michael Pluess
11 Pathways to Resilient Functioning in Maltreated Children:
From Single-Level to Multilevel Investigations 423
Dante Cicchetti, Ph.D.
Author Index 461
Subject Index 473
Preface
Dante Cicchetti and Glenn I. Roisman
T he chapters in this volume are elaborations of presentations made
at the 36th Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology, October
15–17, 2009. The title of the symposium was “The Origins and
Organization of Adaptation and Maladaptation: A Festschrift Honoring
the Work of Byron Egeland and Alan Sroufe on the Minnesota Parent-
Child Longitudinal Study” (MPCLS). It is no coincidence that the
Minnesota Symposium was chosen by the faculty of the Institute of Child
Development as the proper forum for this celebratory recognition of the
life’s work of these two outstanding scholars, who, both individually and
collectively, have made groundbreaking contributions to the disciplines
of developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology. As
co-editors of this volume, we were privileged to be mentored by both
Egeland and Sroufe, not only while matriculating in Minnesota’s PhD
programs in clinical and child psychology, but also throughout our
careers to date. Our collaborative work on this Festschrift volume has
been a labor of love.
Beginning in 1975, Egeland and his colleague, pediatrician Amos
Deinard, recruited a sample of primarily single women who were living
in poverty and were in their third trimester of pregnancy. Careful assess-
ments of maternal characteristics, their life circumstances, and prenatal
care were conducted. Upon the birth of each of the infants, detailed
assessments of child adaptation and life circumstances were completed.
This auspicious beginning set the stage for the unfolding of one of the
most innovative and influential longitudinal studies in the history of
developmental psychology, the MPCLS (see Chapter 1 by Mangelsdorf
in this volume).
vii
viii Preface
Shortly thereafter, Egeland and Sroufe joined forces to launch what at
present is a 35-year (and counting) investigation of the developmental
pathways to adaptive and maladaptive functioning from infancy through
adulthood. (See the Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005, APA
award-winning volume The Development of the Person for an excellent
description of the MPCLS.)
Throughout, their research has been characterized by a focus on
individual patterns of adaptation with regard to the salient issues of
the particular developmental period examined and a measurement
approach that is based on multiple sources of information. Long before
this approach became more widely advocated, Egeland and Sroufe
utilized information gathered from multiple sources (e.g., behavioral
observations, experimental tasks, interviews), by multiple informants
(i.e., counselors, teachers, parents, children, peers), and in multiple
contexts (e.g., home, laboratory, school, camp). They demonstrated
that in the prospective investigation of individual patterns of adapta-
tion, it is essential that broadband patterns of competence be assessed
(i.e., those that tap the intersection of affect, cognition, social, repre-
sentational, and behavioral development). The results emanating from
the MPCLS have shown that some patterns of adaptation may serve as
risk factors for later psychopathology, whereas others may function
as protective factors in the face of later risk and/or adversity.
Impressively, for the more than three decades that Egeland and
Sroufe have prospectively examined the complex developmental course
of individual adaptation, ranging from competence to major distur-
bance, the methodological and conceptual/theoretical standards set by
these investigators has remained at the highest level (see Chapter 4 by
Roisman & Haydon in this volume). Parents and children have under-
gone frequent assessments, and the environment in which the families
reside has been measured in a detailed and comprehensive fashion.
Research from the MPCLS has revealed that a system can maintain
continuity despite the emergence of new forms that are discontinu-
ous manifestations. Moreover, a broadband assessment approach has
helped account for the branching of a disturbance into a variety of dis-
ordered manifestations (i.e., known as multifinality). In addition, the
Preface ix
implementation of their broadband measurement strategy enabled
Sroufe and Egeland to discover that there are multiple pathways to the
same outcomes: normal, psychopathological, or resilient (i.e., known as
equifinality).
Through their focus on the interface between normal and abnormal
development, Sroufe and Egeland also have made a major contribution to
the emergence of the field of developmental psychopathology. According
to their organizational perspective, the same principles of differentiation,
integration, and self-organization are thought to govern normal and
abnormal development, both of the brain and of behavior.
In this regard, the work of Egeland and Sroufe has contributed greatly
to the study of risk, psychopathology, and resilience. For example, a
subsample of children in the MPCLS were maltreated during their early
years of life and followed prospectively. Among their discoveries in the
area of maltreatment, Egeland and Sroufe found that a combination of
risk and protective factors from different levels of the ecology determined
the likelihood of maltreatment occurring. Thus, a combination of high
stress and parental psychopathology, not parental pathology per se, was
highly predictive of maltreatment. Moreover, the consequences of various
subtypes of maltreatment were shown to be devastating, even when con-
trolling for similar salient demographic variables (such as poverty, low
socioeconomic status, etc.) that characterized nonmaltreated comparison
children. In addition, foster care placement exerted a negative impact on
child adaptation, even after controlling for child maltreatment, cognitive
ability, social class background, and life stress. Furthermore, research on
the MPCLS revealed that the intergenerational transmission of maltreat-
ment was not inevitable. Formerly maltreated individuals who broke the
cycle had received long-term psychotherapy, had a supportive spouse,
and manifested less dissociative psychopathology than those individuals
who perpetuated maltreatment across generations.
In one of the first demonstrations of translational research, based on
findings from MPCLS research on the antecedents and quality of attach-
ment, Egeland and Marti Erickson developed project STEEP (Steps to
Effective Enjoyable Parenting), a relationship-based preventive interven-
tion program for improving attachment security in high-risk parents and
x Preface
their young children. Such translational research has come to be viewed
as critical by federal research granting agencies who stress the importance
of reducing the individual, familial, and societal burden of disadvantage
and disorder.
Research on the MPCLS also has utilized principles from develop-
mental psychopathology to investigate pathways to antisocial behavior,
anxiety, borderline personality, conduct disorder, depression, dissocia-
tion, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and alcohol and substance
use and abuse problems. Psychopathology was viewed as developmental
deviation and, as such, process questions assumed a central focus in the
MPCLS research on the determinants of psychopathology (see Chapter 7
by Yates, Burt, & Troy in this volume). For example, relationship dif-
ficulties and negative mental representations often were found to play
important roles in the development of the quality of adaptation (see
Chapter 5 by Collins, LaFreniere & Simpson; Chapter 8 by Jacobvitz,
Hazen, Zaccagnino, Messina, & Beverung; and Chapter 6 by Kobak &
Zajac, in this volume). A recurrent finding in the many publications
from the MPCLS is that the quality of care a child receives, and the
nature of her or his early experience, is very important (see Chapter 2 by
Thompson and Chapter 3 by Vaughn and Shin, in this volume).
Although individuals are always affected by their cumulative history
of experiences, the work of Alan and Byron has demonstrated that the
child’s quality of care does not determine a child’s outcome. Rather,
secure attachments and positive relationships increase the probability
that competent adaptation will ensue. Change is possible throughout
the course of lifespan development. Transitional turning points offer new
challenges and new opportunities for individuals. In fact, these periods of
developmental transition may provide special opportunities for change
and serve as sensitive periods for intervention.
Because change is constrained by prior development, the longer an
individual proceeds along a negative trajectory, the more difficult it
becomes to correct the ontogenetic course. Consequently, early inter-
ventions are important in order to prevent individuals from becoming
entrenched in a maladaptive pathway that leads to diagnosable psycho-
pathology (see Chapter 9 by Toth, Pianta, & Erickson, in this volume).
Preface xi
Egeland and Sroufe have conceptualized resilience—the attainment
of positive adaptation in the face of significant adversity—as a dynamic
developmental process and not as an inherent inborn characteristic.
Their depiction of resilience, undergirded by an organizational develop-
mental perspective, has exerted a prominent influence on the field and
has played a critical role in the design and implementation of present-day
studies of processes underlying resilience (see Chapter 11 by Cicchetti
and Chapter 10 by Belsky & Pluess, in this volume).
We would be greatly remiss if we neglected to note Sroufe and
Egeland’s incredible history of mentoring graduate students, many of
whom have gone on to develop their own productive research careers
and all of whom left the Institute of Child Development with the
Minnesota stamp of competence through the supportive and caring men-
toring of Egeland and Sroufe. On behalf of all the former PhDs mentored
by Sroufe and Egeland, we offer our deepest thanks and appreciation. It
simply doesn’t get any better than working with them.
There is no way that any preface could capture or do justice to the
yeoman contributions that Egeland and Sroufe have made to the field.
It is extremely rare to have one’s scientific work exert such far-ranging
impact on two separate fields—developmental psychology and develop-
mental psychopathology. Individually, Egeland and Sroufe have each
made signature contributions. Although it is a rare feat in academic
circles, two extraordinary psychologists brought their vast individual
talents together to create a genuine work of scientific beauty and deep
significance.
As editors, we are grateful to the authors for their enthusiastic partici-
pation and for providing thoughtful chapters that are illustrative of the
far-reaching impact that the work of Egeland and Sroufe has had on
the field. Special thanks are due to Betty Carlson, Judy Cook, Michelle
Dodds, Michelle Englund, and Brian Peterson for their essential contri-
butions to the work of the MPCLS. Likewise, each of the postdoctoral,
graduate, and undergraduate students who have worked on the MPCLS
deserve deep gratitude. Current and former faculty and past and
present graduate students added much history, spirit, and enthusiasm to
the symposium and celebration. In addition, Danielle Bordeleau, Dolly