Mining Haul Roads: Theory and Practice PDF
Preview Mining Haul Roads: Theory and Practice
Mining Haul Roads Mining Haul Roads Theory and Practice Roger J. Thompson Mineravia Consulting, Kalgoorlie, Australia Rodrigo Peroni Department of Mining Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Alex T. Visser Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK Typeset by Apex CoVantage, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publishers. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Thompson, Roger, 1961 May 9- author. | Peroni, Rodrigo, 1971- author. | Visser, A. T., author. Title: Mining haul roads : theory and practice / authors: Roger J. Thompson, Rodrigo Peroni & Alex T. Visser. Description: Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018043781 (print) | LCCN 2018049806 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429491474 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138589629 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Mine haulage. Classification: LCC TN341 (ebook) | LCC TN341 .T46 2019 (print) | DDC 622/.69—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018043781 Published by: CRC Press/Balkema Schipholweg 107c, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN: 978-1-138-58962-9 (Hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-49147-4 (eBook) Dedication This book is dedicated to Prof Alf Brown, erstwhile Head of the Department of Mining Engineering at the University of Pretoria, for his vision and support which lead to the development of the philosophy and practice presented in this book. In the early 1990s, Prof Brown approached Alex to guide Roger, a young senior lecturer who was looking for a topic for PhD studies, in the field of road transportation in open-cast mines. At that time, mines generally used a rough and ready rule of thumb approach, which consisted of selecting a road design based on prior knowledge and experience, and if that did not work, additional or alternative materials would be used until a satisfactory result materialised. This approach did not lend itself to an understanding of an integrated haul road design process, where safety, performance impacts, economics and cost per ton, hardly entered into the equation. This project is a result of the integration of operational aspects, planning/design and civil engineering applied to mining engineering, combining the areas of expertise of each one of the three authors. The contents of this book stem from the original research described above, together with extensive mine-site application and developmental work supported by our various industry research partners and clients. As such, the authors gratefully acknowledge the support received from mine sites and staff whose efforts to understand and improve the performance of mine haul roads contributed to many practical aspects of these notes. We also wish to acknowledge the patience of our families, as performing research in mines scattered around the world often meant that we were away from home. This situation reminded Alex of what a former civil engineering student encountered: His father was also a civil engineer, and when the student prepared to get married his mother had a heart-to-heart talk with the bride-to-be. She explained to her that being married to a civil engineer (or mining in this case) meant that she will often be lonely, particularly in the first year of marriage, as the husband would forever be traveling to projects. “And after the first year?” the future daughter-in-law enquired excitedly. Mother then replied that after the first year the situation will not change, but the new wife will then have grown accustomed to being lonely. This little story explains why our families deserve a great “Thank you”. Roger, Rodrigo and Alex Disclaimer Whilst the authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the infor- mation presented herein, no warranty is given in respect of its accuracy, correctness or suit- ability. It is the responsibility of the reader to evaluate the appropriateness of particular information and methods or guidelines presented herein, in the context of actual conditions and situations and with due consideration to the necessity to temper this information with site-specific modifications and any overriding regulatory requirements. The authors and pub- lisher cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions in the book and accept no liabil- ity for any consequences arising out of the use of the information presented herein. Contents Foreword xiii Abbreviations and notation xv Symbols xvii 1 Introduction to mine haul roads 1 1.1 Importance of mine haul roads 1 1.2 Characteristics of mine haul roads 7 1.3 The provision of mine haul roads 9 1.4 The quality of mine haul roads 11 2 Concepts for geometrical design 19 2.1 Geometric design and safer haul roads 19 2.1.1 Integrating design methodology with safety audit systems 20 2.1.2 Analysis of mine haul road and haulage incidents 21 2.2 Integrating design methodology with mining plan 23 2.2.1 Including haul roads in the ultimate pit design 25 2.2.2 Integrating roads through the mine schedule 26 2.3 Geometric design process 30 2.3.1 Stopping and sight distances considerations 32 2.3.2 Measurement of friction supply on mine haul roads 35 2.3.3 Sight distances 39 2.3.4 Truck cab blind spots 43 2.4 Vertical alignment issues – gradeability and brake performance 45 2.5 Horizontal (longitudinal) alignment issues 48 2.5.1 Width of road 48 2.5.2 Turning circle of large haul trucks 52 2.5.3 Curvature and switchbacks 53 2.5.4 Curve super-elevation (banking) 55 2.5.5 Road camber – cross-fall or crown 57 2.5.6 Development of super-elevation 59 2.5.7 Combined alignment 60 2.6 Safety berms 61 2.7 Ditches and drainage 64 2.8 Intersection design 68
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