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Minerals Report PDF

928 Pages·2004·20.44 MB·English
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Workshop on Minerals Other than Polymetallic Nodules Of the International Seabed Area Prepared by: Office of Resource and Environmental Monitoring International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica April 2004 Cover photo courtesy of Dr Verena Tunnicliffe, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Minerals Other than Polymetallic Nodules of the International Seabed Area ii Published in Jamaica 2004 by the International Seabed Authority © International Seabed Authority 2004 National Library of Jamaica Cataloguing-in-Publication Data International Seabed Authority Workshop (3rd : 2000 : Kingston) Minerals other than polymetallic nodules of the International Seabed Area : proceedings… p. ; ill., maps ; cm. ISBN: 976-610-647-9 (pbk) 1. Marine mineral resources 2. Oceanography 3. Ocean bottom I. Title 553.09162 - dc. 21 ISA/04/01 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission with a statement of purpose and extent of the reproduction should be addressed to the Secretary-General, International Seabed Authority, 14-20 Port Royal Street, Kingston, Jamaica. Copyright © International Seabed Authority, 2004 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 PART 1. SEAFLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDES AND 67 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANESE CRUST DEPOSITS Chapter 1 Metallogenesis of Marine Mineral Deposits 69 Dr. Peter Rona, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA Chapter 2* Seafloor Massive Sulphide Deposits and their 109 Resource Potential Professor Peter Herzig, S. Petersen and Mark D. Hannington Chapter 3 Regional and Local Variability in the Spatial 162 Distribution of Cobalt-Bearing Ferromanganese Crusts in the World’s Ocean V. M. Yubko Chapter 4 Hydrothermal Sulphide Mineralisation of the 175 Atlantic – Results of Russian Investigations, 1985-2000 G. Cherkashev, A, Ahsadze and A.Glumov Chapter 5* Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts: Global 188 Distribution, Composition, Origin and Research Activities James R. Hein *The papers contained in these chapters have been previously published under separate cover as Technical Study: No.2; ISBN # 976610467-0. The technical study does not contain the associated presentations or summaries of the discussions iv Chapter 6* Impact of the Development of Seafloor Massive 273 Sulphides on deep-sea hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems S. Kim Juniper Chapter 7* Technical Requirements for Exploration and for 303 Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulphide Deposits and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts* Professor Peter Herzig and S. Petersen Chapter 8 Financing Exploration for Seafloor Sulphide 332 Deposits. Julian Malnic Chapter 9 Status Report on the Data and Information 357 Requirements of Papua New Guinea’s Seafloor Massive Sulphide Deposits. James Wanjik Chapter 10 Current National and International Programmes 376 of Exploration for Seafloor Massive Sulphides and State-of-the-art Techniques and Operations in Exploration Dr. Chris German Chapter 11 A Comparison of Possible Economic Returns 427 from Mining Deep Seabed Polymetallic Nodules, Seafloor Massive Sulphides and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts Jean-Pierre Lenoble *The papers contained in these chapters have been previously published under separate cover as Technical Study: No.2; ISBN # 976610467-0. The technical study does not contain the associated presentations or summaries of the discussions v PART 2. ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT 469 IN DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLORING AND EXPLOITING SEAFLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDES AND COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANESE CRUST DEPOSITS IN THE AREA Chapter 12 Open discussion, led by the Secretary-General 470 PART 3 PROSPECTS FOR OTHER MARINE 486 MINERALS THAT MAY BE FOUND IN THE AREA Chapter 13 Petroleum Potential and Development Prospects 487 in Deep-Sea Areas of the World Vladimir Vyotsky and A. I. Glumov Chapter 14 Submarine Methane Hydrate – Potential Fuel 520 st Resource of the 21 Century Erhlich Desa Chapter 15 A Case Study in the Development of the 575 Namibian Offshore Diamond Mining Industry Ian Corbett Chapter 16 A Case Study in the Development of an 617 Environmental Baseline in Large Open-Ocean Systems off Southern Namibia by De Beers Marine Ian Corbett Chapter 17** Evaluation of the Non-Living Resources of the 670 Continental Shelf Beyond the 200-mile Limit of the World’s Margins Lindsay Parson ** The paper presented by Mr Parson has been published under separate cover as ISA Technical Study No:1, ISBN#976-610-375-5. this technical study does not contain the associated presentation or summary of the subsequent discussions. vi PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL 768 FRAMEWORKS Chapter 18 Status Report of the Data and Reporting 769 Requirements of Namibia’s Offshore Mining Policy as it Relates to Prospecting and Exploration Inge K. Zaamwani Chapter 19 Status Report on the Data and Reporting 796 Requirements of Norway’s Offshore Licensing Policies as it Relates to Petroleum Exploitation Bente Nyland Chapter 20 Status report of the Data and Reporting 824 Requirements of Brazil’s Offshore Mining Policy as it Relates to Prospecting and Exploration Roberto Viera de Macedo and Walter Sa Leitao Chapter 21 Status Report of the Data and Reporting 855 Requirements of Indonesia’s Offshore Mining Policy as it Relates to Prospecting and Exploration Ambassador Hasjim Djalal Chapter 22 The Role of SOPAC in Promoting Exploration for 887 Marine Mineral Resources in the Pacific Region C. Pratt, Alfred Simpson, K. Kojima and R. Koshy vii FOREWORD This publication contains the proceedings of a workshop convened by the International Seabed Authority on mineral resources other than polymetallic nodules, to be found in marine areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (the Area). It is the third in the series of workshops that have been convened by the International Seabed Authority to inform the international community of scientific and technological developments that are taking place with regard to marine mineral resources. In 1998, at the resumed Fourth session of the Authority, the representative of the Russian Federation made a request to the Authority to adopt rules, regulations and procedures for exploration for seafloor massive polymetallic sulphides deposits and cobalt-rich manganese crusts. To prepare the Authority for work in this regard, it was decided to convene this workshop on the future development of minerals other than polymetallic nodules in the Area. It was decided at the outset that a comprehensive effort would be made to obtain information and understanding on the present knowledge base for the possible exploration and exploitation of these other resources, in particular seafloor massive polymetallic sulphides deposits and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. It is recognized that while a good deal of scientific research has been accomplished, the transition from marine scientific research to prospecting and exploration for these resources, and then to their commercialisation will require a certain amount of flexibility in rule making. To date, the work of the Authority has focused on the exploration for deep seabed polymetallic or ferromanganese nodules that are to be found in the international area. Under the parallel system prescribed for deep seabed polymetallic nodules, a prospector who seeks an exploration contract from the Authority is to submit “an application that covers a total area, which need not be a single continuous area, sufficiently large and of sufficient estimated commercial value to allow two mining operations. The application shall indicate the coordinates of the area, defining the total area and dividing it into two parts of equal estimated commercial value and shall contain all the data 1/ available to the applicant with respect to both parts of the area” . ________________________ 1/ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Annex III; Resolution II, paragraph 3(a). INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 1 The Authority designates one of two areas as reserved area for exploration either by its operating arm, the Enterprise, or by the Authority in association with developing States. The other area is allocated to the applicant as a contract area. For deep seabed polymetallic nodules that lie on and in sediment that covers the seafloor in the abyssal plains of the world’s ocean, this requirement has worked and seven entities have obtained exploration contracts with the Authority under that system. Given the difference in the nature of the deposits, a fundamental question for consideration is whether the parallel system will work for seafloor massive sulphides and ferromanganese crust deposits. Would work done during prospecting be sufficient to delineate two seafloor massive polymetallic sulphides deposits or two cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust deposits of equal estimated commercial value? Should a different system be devised to meet the objective of the parallel system that was based on the principle that there should be opportunity for all to participate in the exploitation of the mineral resources in the Area? Based on the need to provide the international community with a response to these and other related matters, the workshop was convened with the following objectives: (a) To obtain information and understanding on marine minerals of the Area for which rules, regulations and procedures for prospecting, exploration and exploitation are yet to be adopted by the Authority, with an emphasis on seafloor polymetallic massive sulphides and ferromanganese crust deposits; and in the case of the latter two deposits, (b) To obtain information on their distribution, the marine environment where they are found, metals of commercial interest, resource potential and developments with regard to research and exploration for these deposits. The workshop also addressed the nature of regulatory regimes in some countries that have established marine mineral industries. This was INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 2

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