Minerals of California PDF
Preview Minerals of California
MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA H. Earl Pemberton ~ VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY ~ NEW YORK CINCINNATI TORONTO LONDON MELBOURNE' Copyright © 1983 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 81-15963 ISBN-\3: 978-1-4684-6640-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6638-6 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6638-6 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means - graphic, elec tronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or in formation storage and retrieval systems - without permission of the publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. 135 West 50th Street, New York, N.Y. 10020 Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing 1410 Birchmount Road Scarborough, Ontario MIP 2E7, Canada Van Nostrand Reinhold Australia Pty. Ltd. 17 Queen Street Mitcham, Victoria 3132, Australia Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Limited Molly Millars Lane Wokingham, Berkshire, England 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Pemberton, H. Earl, 1907- Minerals of California. An updating of: Minerals of California: centennial volume, 1866-1966/ by Joseph Murdoch and Robert Wallace Webb. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Mineralogy-California. 2. Mines and mineral resources-California. I. Murdoch, Joseph, 1890- Minerals of California. II. Title. QE375.C32P45 549.9794 81-15963 ISBN-\3: 978-1-4684-6640-9 AACR2 Preface In 1866 William P. Blake, professor of mineralogy, geology and mining at the College of California, parent to the University of California, Berkeley, prepared as a report to the State Board of Agriculture an "Annotated Catalog of the Principal Mineral Species Hitherto Recognized in California and the adjoining States and Territories." Seventy-seven mineral species appeared on the list. It was the beginning of a series that became known as Minerals of California. This first catalog was followed in 1884 and 1886 by a list of 135 species compiled by H. G. Hanks, the first state mineralogist of California, and pub· lished in the fourth and sixth State Mining Bureau reports. Then beginning in 1914 with a volume prepared by A. S. Eakle, professor of mineralogy at the Uni versity of California, Berkeley, the Division of Mines and Geology published new editions in the series at approximately ten-year intervals. Author Year Mineral Species A. S. Eakle 1914 352 A. S. Eakle 1923 417 A. Pabst 1938 446 J. Murdoch and R. W. Webb 1948 516 J. Murdoch and R. W. Webb 1956 523 J. Murdoch and R. W. Webb 1966 602 (For a more detailed review of the Minerals of California series, see I. Campbell, 1966, pp. 13-19.) For over 100 years the series has served those who have a historic, scientific or economic interest in California minerals. This addition to the series includes data from earlier editions, new information reported in the literature since 1964, the date of the cutoff for data in the last California state edition, plus some data from the literature of earlier years which was not reported in previous editions. It is not possible to express adequate appreciation for the help this author has received from others in the preparation of this volume: Professor Adolf Pabst, University of California, Berkeley, who gave needed technical advice, reviewed a substantial portion of the manuscript, and provided personal support and con fidence; Edgar H. Bailey, U. S. Geological Survey, who reviewed and amended the mercury-mineral sections; Norman F. Page, U. S. Geological Survey, who reviewed the platinum metals and sulfides sections; Professor John Wasson, y vi PREFACE University of California, Los Angeles, who helped with the meteorites sec tion; Richard C. Erd, U. S. Geological Survey, who provided needed data on a series of new species; Vincent Morgan, former chief chemist of U. S. Borax @ Chemical Company, who reviewed and provided additional data for the borates chapter; members of the Bay Area Mineralogists Society who provided many personal reports of mineral occurrences; Russell MacFall, who reviewed the manuscript editorially; David Burgess, who checked a portion of the biblio graphy; Cliffton H. Gray and Wilma L. Ashby of the California Division of Mines and Geology Los Angeles Office, who provided state publications for review; and finally, Marge and John Sinkankas, who gave advice and support for the project, and who also prepared the majority of the crystal drawings for publication. H. Earl Pemberton Lake Elsinore, California Contents Preface / v 1. Introduction / 1 2. Native Elements / 8 3. Sulfides / 63 4. Oxides / 143 s. Halides / 188 6. Carbonates / 198 7. Borates / 236 8. Sulfates / 263 9. Phosphates, Arsenates / 304 10. Tungstates, Molybdates, Nitrates and Organics /331 11. Silicates I / 344 12. Silicates II / 405 13. Silicates III /446 Bibliography / 519 Index to Mineral Species / 581 Index to Maps / 589 vii MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 1 Introduction Reported herein are the occurrences of 736 terrestrial mineral species, plus 5 species found in meteorites. * The large number of species found in the state is the result of the diverse character of the state's eleven geomorphic provinces (See Map 1-1). From the lake-bed deposits of the Basin Ranges and Mojave Desert provinces have come the abundant borate and saline species. The Coast Ranges province, dominated by the Franciscan formation and associated serpen tinites, has been the source of the minerals of the mercury deposits, the car bonates and other products of serpentine alteration, and the typical Franciscan species. The precious metals - gold and platinum - have been found mainly in the Sierra Nevada and the Klamath Mountains provinces. These mountain regions, together with the Basin Ranges and Mojave Desert provinces, have been the principal sources of the base metals, their sulfides, and their oxidation products. And from the Peninsular Ranges province have come the numerous pegmatitic and associated contact-zone species. The minerals are grouped here under the major classifications - elements, sulfides, oxides, and so on. Within each major group the minerals are presented generally according to the geochemical classification system used by Kostov in his 1968 textbook, Mineralogy. The chemical formula is given for each species. The following table lists the chemical elements and symbols. The valence superscripts of bivalent Fe and Mn are not shown in the chemical formulas. However, trivalent superscripts are shown. The occurrences of each mineral species or group of species are reported by county of occurrence. Map 1-2 shows the county boundaries and county names. When possible, locations of mines and other deposits are given in the following notation: Section (Sec.), Township (T.), Range (R.), and Meridian (M.D.M. - Mount Diablo Meridian; S.B.M. - San Bernardino Meridian; and H.M. - Humboldt Meridian). Sometimes it is possible to give this information by quarter section, for example, NW~Sec. 5. When this type of location detail is not available, the lati tude and longitude will be given if possible, for example, lat. 360 15', long. 1170 10'. The arrangement of sections within a township is illustrated by Figure 1-1. *M. Fleischer's 1980 Glossary of Mineral Species is the source used for determining the validity of species. 2 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA Weights and lengths are given by some authors in standard U. S. units ounces, pounds, inches, and feet. Other authors use the metric system. Rather than converting all measures to one system or the other, the author's practice is retained. The following brief table provides a means of conversion when desired. Maps, tables, figures and photos are numbered serially by chapter. For ex· ample, Map 2-4 is the number four map in chapter 2, and Photo 6·2 is the second photo in chapter 6. Many maps relate to more than one species. A map MAP OF CALIFORNIA SHOWING GOLD-BEARING AREAS AND GEOMORPHIC PROVINCES SCALE °.. . _401::::::::=:,:8.0 ..- 0:120 "i~, t I EXPLANATION I KLAMATH MOUNTAINS :0: CASCADE RANGE m MODOC PLATEAU lY COAST RANGES :lZ" GREAT VALLEY ~ , E' SIERRA NEVADA :!ZII BASIN RANGES ::lZIII MOJAVE DESERT ]X TRANSVERSE RANGES X PENINSULAR RANGES XI COLORADO DESERT 4, GOLD-BEARING AREA Map 1·1. Map of California showing geomorphic provinces and gold·bearing areas. INTRODUCTION 3 is usually numbered and positioned with the species first reported in the text at the map locality. Reports of additional species found at the map locality are cross-referenced to the pertinent map. A few technical terms are possibly unfamiliar to some users of this reference volume. Following· is a brief glossary of terms the writer feels may be in this category. -'- 1 _·-._JlU. t.· _' . ;---'T--'~'-'''' l 01, · i .. .. 'C.• ~. " " " " ". , T-=~2: ~~~--~~-,-------~.". " '", .., \ . \ ... ' .' I., _. ___ .--1 ."",e.o Map 1-2. Outline map of California showing county boundaries.
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