Minerals Handbook 1996–97: Statistics & Analyses of the World’s Minerals Industry

486 Pages·1996·38.51 MB·English

by  Phillip Crowson (auth.)

MINERALS HANDBOOK
1996-97
Statistius & Analyses of the
World's Minerals Industry
Phillip Crowson
MINERALS HANDBOOK
1996-97
Phillip Crowson
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CONTENTS
PAGl
Introduction vii
Acknowledgements
Summary Tables
Table 1 Production and Reserves by Main Geopolitical Grouping xii
Table 2 The 'Adequacy' of Reserves xiv
Table 3 The Growth of World Reserves of Selected Products xvi
Table 4 Value of Annual Production xvii
Table 5 Import Dependence 1994 in Percentages xix
Table () The Historic Growth of Total Mine Production xxi
Table 7 Comparative Growth Rates of Consumption in the 1970s xxii
Table 8 Comparative Growth Rates of Consumption in the 198Ds xxiv
Table 9 China's Percentage Share of World ProduClion, 1994 xxvi
Table 10 The Role of Secondary Production of Major Non-Ferrous Metals xxvii
Table 11 Share5 of World Production, 1994 (Major Countries) xxviii
Table 12 Index Numbers of Mineral Intensity, 1994 xxix
World Summary Charts '"
Detailed Tables
Aluminium, Bauxite and Alumina
Antimony 19
Arsenic 28
Asbest05 3S
Barytes 42
Beryllium 50
Bismuth 57
Boron 64
Cadmium 71
Chromium 79
Cool 88
Cobalt 100
Copper 108
Fluorspar 121
Gallium 130
Germ.:mium 137
Gold 143
Graphite 152
Indium 15'
Industrial Diamonds 166
Iodine 174
CONTENTS
Iron Ore 17<J
Kaolin 187
l"d 195
U!hium 209
Magnesium 217
Manganese ,2.2.9
Mercury 216
Molybdenum
Nickel 253
Niobium 264
Phospha!e 272
Pla!inum Group 280
POIash 290
Rare Earth Minerals & Me!als 297
Rhenium 306
Selenium 312
Silicon 320
Silver 332
Soda Ash 341
Sulphur 349
Talc 358
Tantalum 3.7
Tellurium 375
Tin 381
Titanium 390
Tungsten 402
Uranium 411
Vanadium 420
Vermiculite 428
Zinc; 435
Zirconium 447
Sources and Notes 454
INTRODUCTION
This is the Eighth Edition of (his H:mdbook, which originall)' developed from a slUdyon Non-Fuel Mincr.als and British
f'Ureign Policy pupared in 1978 for the Royallnslitutc: oflntern31ionlll Affairs. Each edition has been expanded and rdined,
to the point where this edition contains dala for fifty-two commodity groups.
All the data have again been updated :and revised to include annual ligures for 1993-94. The Handbook is nOI intended as a
substitute for Ihe many excellent statistic11 publications listed in Ihe Appendix, from which its dala are derived, but merely
as an introductory guide mainly for the non-specialist. It draws tOgether in a convenient form information that is scattered
over a very wide range of primary and secondary sources. The numerous stadsdul C3\'eatS, l:Jualificadons and footnOies
:!.ccomp:!.nying the original sources of the st:!.tistics h:!.\'( been omined. The tables would otherwise ha\'e been swamped in:!.
se:!. of footnotes.
One purpose of the h:!.ndbook is 10 contain sufficient basic data on all upectS of the miner:als :!.nd met:!.ls included wallow
informed deb:!.te on miner:al policies. Another is to gi\"e re:!.son:!.blycomprehensive imroductions w each m:!.teri:!.1c m·ered.
The earlier \'ersions emph:!.sised that the "real world is invariably far more complex than simple tables might suggest, and the
tendency to latch on to published st:!.tistics u if they were unshakeable truths should be avoided': To illustrate this point,
"statistics on reserves of any mineral involve extensive inference from incomplete data and extensive judgement, nOi just about
the technical characteristics of ore deposits, but also about their economics': Even many estimates of production and trade
c:!.rry wide margins of error.
The book's la),out is str:aightforward: the introductory summary tables ue follo\l.'ed by separ:ate sections on each of the fifty.
t\\'O miner:als. The summary t:!.bles mainly bring together data contained in the detailed sections; one shows the approximate
turnover and growth rates of the world's miner:al industries, and another the hiswric growth in reserves of se\'(:r:al minerals.
The other tables summarise aspects of miner:al industries that influence public policy. ThusTable 2s hows two measures of
the adel:Juacy of reserves and Table 5 contains estimates of import dependence in the main areas.
The tables on reserves and production ha\'e been altered from those contained in previous editions. They now list countries
on:!. simple geographical basis, alph:!.betically within continents. Totals ue, however, included for three broad groups of
countries used previously, Developed, Developing and Former Centr:ally Planned, The Developed Countries arc ubi
trarily defined as all European DECO Members, Canada, USA, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the
r"'Ormer Cenlr:ally Planned are the former USSR, the former Comecon Countries, excepl East Germany; Ihe People's
Republic of Chin:!., North Korea, North VIetnam, Albania, Mongolia :!.nd Cuba. Developing Countries are allt hose not
included in the other two categories. The distinction between the Focrner Centr:ally Planned and other countries still has
some value as a presentational device if only because the USSR was not formally disbanded until the end of 1991. Also the
tr:ade policies of this group of countries are still heavily domin:!.ted by the st:!.te. The constituent countries of the former
Yugoshvi:!. are included with the Developed Countries to ensure consistenc), wilh earlier Editions, although they should
more 10gic:!.lly be included with the Former Centrally Planned.
The individual sections on each mincr:al follow a broadly common format, The varying units of the sources h:!.ve been
convcrted into metric el:Juivalents for neady all the metals, although imperi:!.1 and apothecaries' measures arc the conven-
vii
INTRODUCTION
tional measures in m2ny cases. Prices are usually quoted in their original units. The main sources of the statistics used are
summ2fised in a section at the end of the book. The available data, and the specific characteristics of each mineral, explain
any variations from the stand2fd pattern, which is as follows.
WORLD RESERVE AND RESERVE BASES
The statistics are caken mainly from publications of the US Bureau of Mines and private communications with Bure:lu staff.
The figures ufer mainly to 1993-95.
R~ are defined as:
Recoverable materials in the reserve base that C2n be economic2l1y extraned or produced at the dme of determination.
The Rtlm~bast is more broadly described as:
The in-place demonstrated (measured plus indicated) resource from which reserves arc estimated, 2nd including those
resources thac are currently economic (reserves). marginally economic (m2fginal reserves). and some o ft hose that arc cur
rently sub-economic (sub-economic reserves).
Where practicable details au given on the narrower definition, but in one or two instances both measures are included.
Usually a footnote gives a broader estimate of toul resources, which include mineral deposits that are not :It present eco
nomic. As noted earlier, changes in the basic technical and economic assumptions can dramatically alter estimates of re
serves; there is no objeclive measure. SummaryT2ble 3 demonstrates that estimated reserves in most instances rose over time
at least as fast as production.
WORLD PRODUCTION
Again there are separate figures for each producing country. The sources are broadly similar to those for reserves. Separate
figures are given for 1993 and 1994. For some commodities, figures are given for the mined product and for its main deriva
tives. Thus there arc separate tables for bauxite, alumina and aluminium. A chan is included showing index numbers (where
the 1992 value = 100) of total world production since 1979.
PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
For the major producing countries, estimates of productive capacity are included for 1994. They 2fe mainly taken from
recently published data from the US Bureau of Mines.
SECONDARY PRODUCTION
Where recycled material is important. and the statistics are available, a separate table shows secondary supplies in the m:lin
areas in 1993 and 1994.
vlll
INTRODUCTION
THE ADEQUACY OF RESERVES
Two estimates are gi\'en, based mainly on the earlier tables. The firsl is the sIalic life of identified reserves, assuming Ih:.n
production corninues:u the 1994level. In most instances, however, production is growing and reserves are also lending 10
rise as new deposits are discovered and existing mines extend their knowledge. The second figure, to a certain exlC~.nt, allows
for these changes. It shows the ratio of the identified reserve base'(which is greater Ihan reserves) to cumulative demand
between 19% and 2015 (based mainly on histOric growth rntes projected forward). Although this dynamic mtio is more
meaningful than the slatic reserve/production rn.tio, it should, nonetheless, be treated with considerable aution. A broader
ratio o f resources to cumulative demand would normally be much greater. As prices rise or costs fall, more deposits will
move from resources into reserves thereby sustaining supplies for longer than the printed ratios suggest.
CONSUMPTION
Consumption in 1993 and 1994 is given for the main consuming areas, and histOric annual avern.ge compound growth rates,
in all cases during Ihe 1970s and 19805 and wherever possible for the 19605 as well. The underlying dala have been derived
from a wide wriety of sources.
END-USE PAITERNS
Data are given for the United States in 1994 and in a few cases for other countries, although such details are not as readily
av:ailable. Although consumption patterns differ in detail for the rest of the world, the US figures are usually reasonably
representative of the main outlets for each material. In some sections, and particularly where there are important nonme
tallic as well as metallic uses, separate figures are given for the mineral and for its immediate products.
VALUE OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION
'lbral world produclion is mulliplied by Ihe average prices ofl995 to indicate the prOdUel~ relative importance as an article of
commerce. These values, however approximate, are beller guides than relative tonnages alone.
SUBSTITUTES AND TECHNICAL POSSmILITIES
Based largely on the reports of the US Bureau of Mines, these two sections pinpoint how supply and demand may change.
PRICES
This section gives a description of the pricing methods employed, with a table showing annual average prices between 1988
and 1995. For some commodities only one price is given, whereas in other ases there arc se\·eral. The prices arc taken from
various trnde publications. Each lable is supplemented by a chart which shows the [rend in a representative price since 1979.
The charts plot index numbers (1992 = tOO) of prices in 'real' 1995 terms. To obtain the latter, money prices com'erted to US
dollars are deRated by the United Slates' implicit GNP deflator, rebased to 1995.
INTRODUCTION
MARKETING ARRANGEMENTS
This gi\'es a brid d(5Cription of the strocture of the market, and of an)' relevant international organisations.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND BY MAIN MARKET AREA
Domestic production, trade and consumption in the United Kingdom, European Union, Japan and the United States are
shown. Domestic production is divided into the main stages where relevant. The sources of net imports (i.e. imports from
third countries) arc shown, and also dependence on external supplies. The data are mainl)' for 9193 and 1994. The: geogra·
phical sources of net imports are given as percentages of the tOlal separately for all four groupings. Shares of world con·
sumption and the historic growth of consumption arc also included. For mOSt metals the main additional sources to those
used for the earlier tables are the relevant trade statistics.
Thegeographical coverage of the European Union has changed frequently. In this Handbook it is the Europe of the Twelve
(Belgium, Denmark, France, German)', Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United King·
dom) which was the coverab'C for most of th e statistics included .
•