mineralogica-petrographica abstract series

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ACTA
MINERALOGICA-PETROGRAPHICA
ABSTRACT SERIES
Volume 6 2010
IMA2010
20th General Meeting of the
International Mineralogical Association
21–27 August, 2010
Budapest, Hungary
Published by the Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology, University of Szeged
ACTA MINERALOGICA-PETROGRAPHICA
established in 1922
ABSTRACT SERIES
HU ISSN 0324-6523
HU ISSN 1589-4835
Editor-In-Chief
Elemér Pál-Molnár
University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]
EDITORIAL BOARD
Péter Árkai, György Buda, István Dódony, Tamás Fancsik, János Földessy, Szabolcs Harangi, Magdolna Hetényi,
Balázs Koroknai, Tivadar M. Tóth, Gábor Papp, Mihály Pósfai, Péter Rózsa, Péter Sipos, Csaba Szabó, Sándor Szakáll,
Tibor Szederkényi, István Viczián, Tibor Zelenka
Abbreviated title:
Acta Mineral. Petrogr. Abstr. Ser., Szeged
This volume was published for the
375thanniversary of the
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest.
The publication was co-sponsored by the
National Office for Research and Technology, Budapest.
IMA2010 (www.ima2010.hu) is organised in the frame of the ELTE375 scientific celebration activities.
IMA2010 PUBLICATION SUBCOMMITEE
Chairman: Gábor Papp, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest (HU)
Members: Vladislav Bermanec, University of Zagreb (HR), Igor Broska, Geological Institute,
Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK), Volker Höck, University of Salzburg (AT), Gheorghe Ilinca, University of Bucharest (RO),
Milan Novák, Masaryk University, Brno (CZ), Zbigniew Sawłowicz, Jagellonian University in Kraków (PL),
Simona Skobe, University of Ljubljana (SI), Strashimir Borisov Strashimirov,
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski” (BG), Nada Vasković, University of Belgrade (RS)
OFFICERS OF THE IMA2010 ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Chairman:Tamás G. Weiszburg, Budapest, Hungary,
Secretary General:Dana Pop, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Editorial Address
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The Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica is published by the Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology,
University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
© Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology, University of Szeged
On the cover: Map of the Carpathian region with type localities of new mineral species, rocks, fossil resins and
hydrocarbons discovered in (first described from) the area, including both valid and discredited species. See the last
page for the locality names corresponding to numbers. Map plotted by Ferenc Mádai from the data of Gábor Papp
for the exhibition of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, entitled “There is something new under the earth”,
organised on the occasion of IMA2010.
IMA2010
20th General Meeting of the
International Mineralogical Association
21–27 August, 2010
Budapest, Hungary
ABSTRACTS
Edited by
Luminiţa Zaharia
Annamária Kis
Boglárka Topa
Gábor Papp
Tamás G. Weiszburg
MAIN SCIENTIFIC SPONSORS
Organising societies
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Mineralogical Society of Austria c
l M a
a l
Croatian Geological Society onI A As
s
i o
Czech Geological Society tanretnI n oitais
Hungarian Geological Society,
International Mineralogical Association
Mineralogical-Geochemical Branch
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Mineralogical Society of Romania
Geological Society of Slovakia,
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Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
Supporting societies
MAIN FINANCIAL SPONSOR
Bulgarian Mineralogical Society
Serbian Geological Society,
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Slovenian Geological Society,
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2010 Szeged, Hungary
IMA2010 abstracts were revised by the session convenors, formatted by the editors with the help of Ramona Bălc,
Evelyn Dömötör, Rodica Filipescu, Anamaria Mihăilă

Abstract index was prepared by the editors, with the help of Evelyn Dömötör, Melinda Jánosi, Ferenc Kristály,
Erzsébet Tóth

Further scientific sponsors
National scientific academies and their research institutes in the organising countries
Universities from the organising countries
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European Mineralogical Union and several mineralogical societies of Europe
Sister societies of IMA
IUGS Hungarian National Committee

International Organising Committee Scientific Programme Committee
Tamás G. Weiszburg, Chairman (Hungary) Ekkehart Tillmanns, Chairman (Austria)
Dana Pop, Secretary General (Romania) Georges Calas, Vice-Chairman (France)
Luminiţa Zaharia, Abstract István Kovács, Executive
Co-ordinator (Romania) Scientific Secretary (Hungary)
Ekkehart Tillmanns (ex officio) (Austria) Tamás G. Weiszburg (ex officio) (Hungary)
Vladimir Bermanec (Croatia) Péter Árkai (Hungary)
Károly Brezsnyánszky (Hungary) Vladimir Bermanec (Croatia)
Igor Broska (Slovakia) Michael A. Carpenter (UK)
Georgios Christofides (Greece) Martin Chovan (Slovakia)
Attila Demény (Hungary) Anne M. Hofmeister (USA)
Mickey Gunter (USA) Georg Hoinkes (Austria)
Szabolcs Harangi (Hungary) Gheorghe Ilinca (Romania)
Imbarak S. Hassen (Egypt) Peter Komadel (Slovakia)
Volker Höck (Austria) Anhuai Lu (China)
Corina Ionescu (Romania) Juraj Majzlan (Germany)
Gabriella Kiss (Hungary) Marek Michalik (Poland)
Friedrich Koller (Austria) Annibale Mottana (Italy)
Veselin Kovachev (Bulgaria) Milan Novák (Czech Republic)
István Kovács (Hungary) Bogdan P. Onac (Romania/USA)
György A. Lovas (Hungary) Herbert Palme (Germany)
Ferenc Mádai (Hungary) Mihály Pósfai (Hungary)
István Márton (Romania) Dmitry Yu. Pushcharovsky (Russia)
Ferenc Molnár (Hungary) Milan Rieder (Czech Republic)
Daniel R. Neuville (France) Tsutomu Sato (Japan)
Milan Novák (Czech Republic) Bjoern Winkler (Germany)
Ladislav Palinkaš (Croatia)
Gábor Papp (Hungary)
Zbigniew Sawłowicz (Poland) Publication Subcommittee
Simona Skobe (Slovenia) Gábor Papp, Chairman (Hungary)
Tsveta Stanimirova (Bulgaria) (see the inside of the front cover for members)
Csaba Szabó (Hungary)
Sándor Szakáll (Hungary)
Géza Szendrei (Hungary) Field trip Subcommittee
Veronika Szilágyi (Hungary)
Friedrich Koller, Co-Chairman (Austria)
Darko Tibljaš (Croatia)
Ferenc Molnár, Co-Chairman (Hungary
Erzsébet Tóth (Hungary)
(see the inside of the front cover of the field trip
Pavel Uher (Slovakia)
guides, Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Field Guide
Nada Vasković (Serbia)
Series, Vol. 1–29, for members)
Sabine Verryn (South Africa)
CONTENTS
PLENARY TALKS
Hazen, R.M.: Mineralogical co-evolution of the geosphere and biosphere.......................................................................v
Buseck, P.R.: 40 years of nanomineralogy.........................................................................................................................v
Griffin, W.L. & O’Reilly, S.Y.: Composition and evolution of the SCLM, and the origin of its diamonds....................vi
Sigmarsson, O.: Mineralogical and glass compositional variations during the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland.....vi
Lloyd, J.R.: The mineral-microbe interface and its defining role in controlling contaminant mobility in the subsurface......vii
Hawthorne, F.C.: Toward theoretical mineralogy: the bond-topological basis of structure stability and mineral energetics..vii
Wilke, M.: X-ray spectroscopy on geomaterials using synchrotron radiation.................................................................viii
ELEMENTS 5 TALKS
Valsami-Jones, E., Oelkers, E.H., Skartsila, K. & Klasa, J.: Phosphate mineral reactivity: from nano to global scales.........ix
Ewing, R.C.: The nuclear fuel cycle: role of mineralogy and geochemistry in the safe management of nuclear waste...........ix
Kelly, N.M.: Zircon – more than just a chronometer..........................................................................................................x
Pósfai, M., Kasama, T., Simpson, E.T., Faivre, D., Schüler, D. & Dunin-Borkowski, R.E.: Biomineral attractions:
magnets in organisms..............................................................................................................................x
Sahai, N., Zhang, N., Murphy, W.L., Molenda, J., Yang Y. & Cui Q.: Mechanisms of cellular and biomacromolecular
interactions with minerals in humans.....................................................................................................xi
Waychunas, G.A.: Mineralogy and geochemistry at lower dimensionality: mineral-water interfaces and nanoparticles.......xi
1. APPLIED MINERALOGY, MATERIALS SCIENCE
AM10G Applied mineralogy, Materials science (general session)................................................................................1
AM11 Gem materials: Origins, properties, and new analytical challenges..............................................................21
AM12 Structure and properties of silicate glasses and melts: From laboratory to volcanic activities......................35
AM14 Zeolites and porous materials........................................................................................................................47
AM15 Gas storage in minerals: Experimental and field studies...............................................................................57
AM16 Chemical degradation kinetics of cementitious materials: Application to the durability of hydrated cement
and concrete..........................................................................................................................................65
AM17 Corrosion: From biofouling to mineral weathering.......................................................................................71
AM18C2 Colloidal properties and surface chemistry of clays......................................................................................75
AM19C5 Interfacial phenomena of clay minerals: Adsorption, intercalation and nanohybrid materials......................87
2. CLAY SCIENCE (co-sponsored by the Mid-European Clay Conference)
C20G Clay Science (general session)......................................................................................................................97
3. CULTURAL HERITAGE
CH30G Archaeometry (general session): Composition, technology and provenance of archaeological artifacts....103
CH31 Mineralogical aspects of monument preservation.......................................................................................127
4. DEEP EARTH
DE41 Mineralogy of the Deep Earth.....................................................................................................................141
DE42 Planetary cores.............................................................................................................................................161
DE43 “Water” in nominally anhydrous minerals: Analytical and experimental contributions.............................169
DE44 Diamond crystallization under natural and experimental conditions...........................................................177
DE45 Fluids in the Earth.......................................................................................................................................189
DE46 Frontiers of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and deep subduction: From atomic scales to mountain building.....207
5. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY/MINERALOGY
EG50G Economic geology (metallic and non-metallic ore deposits) (general session)...........................................221
EG51 Crustal fluids and gold.................................................................................................................................245
EG52 Platinum-group minerals in the new millennium.........................................................................................263
EG53 Geo-metallurgy and Process mineralogy.....................................................................................................275
EG54 Mineral deposits in terrestrial volcanic-hydrothermal systems...................................................................285
EG55 Mineral deposits of Africa...........................................................................................................................301
EG56C4 Industrial clay deposits: From the field to the industry...............................................................................307
EG57C14 Clays in oil and gas industry........................................................................................................................313
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY, BIOMINERALOGY, HEALTH
EM60G Environmental mineralogy and geochemistry, Biomineralogy, Health (general session)...........................319
EM61 Mineralogy of mine wastes and contaminated soil......................................................................................335
EM62 Contaminated land and sustainable remediation..........................................................................................353
EM63 Mineralogy and geochemistry of the nuclear fuel cycle..............................................................................361
EM64 Biominerals and biomaterials: The interface between geosciences and life sciences..................................367
EM65 Interactions between microorganisms and minerals: From cell to environmental systems.........................379
iv
EM66C6 Clays related to environment and health......................................................................................................393
EM67C13 Clay minerals and bio-molecules: From the origin of life to advanced biomedical applications................409
7. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC MINERALOGY
GM70G General and specific mineralogy (general session)......................................................................................415
GM71 From the protoplanetary disc to lower mantle: Celebrating 170 years of perovskite research
(session dedicated to Roger H. Mitchell)............................................................................................441
GM72 Accessory minerals: Tracers of magmatic and metamorphic evolution......................................................447
GM73 Cave minerals..............................................................................................................................................465
GM74 Boron minerals, geochemistry and isotopes: What do they tell us about geologic processes?....................473
GM75 New minerals, nomenclature and classification...........................................................................................487
GM76C9 Non-phyllosilicate clays..............................................................................................................................503
8. GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLOGY
GP80G Geochemistry and Petrology (general session)............................................................................................505
GP81 Volcanoes: The mineral factory...................................................................................................................537
GP82 Alkaline rocks/kimberlites/carbonatites.......................................................................................................551
GP83 Ophiolites: From spreading to emplacement...............................................................................................581
GP84 Decoding P-T-t-d evolution in mountain belts: Significance for geodynamics...........................................591
GP85 Jadeitites and their record of subduction zone processes.............................................................................597
GP86 From gemstones to cell phones: The importance of pegmatites to society..................................................603
GP87C3 Geology of clays..........................................................................................................................................621
GP88C8 Weathering, soils and paleosol clays...........................................................................................................639
9. METHODS AND APPLICATIONS
MA91 Advanced transmission electron microscopy methods................................................................................649
MA92 Mineral spectroscopy: Advanced spectroscopic methods applied to minerals and related inorganic materials......655
MA93 Application of synchrotron radiation in earth and planetary sciences.........................................................669
MA94 Advances in neutron techniques in earth and environmental sciences........................................................679
MA95 Breakthroughs in geochronology and thermochronology and applications to tectonic problems...............683
MA96 Advances in imaging techniques, and their application in the Earth sciences.............................................687
MA97C10 Advanced instrumental techniques in clay science......................................................................................695
10. MINERALOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
MC100G Mineralogical crystallography (general session).........................................................................................705
MC101 Bond topology in complex structures..........................................................................................................731
MC102 Modularity and modulation in minerals.......................................................................................................737
MC103C1 Crystal chemistry and structure of clay minerals and layered minerals.......................................................747
11. MINERAL MUSEUMS AND HISTORICAL MINERALOGY
MH110G Mineral museums and Historical mineralogy (general session)..................................................................761
MH111 History of mineralogy: The role of the Carpathian region in the 18th century............................................771
MH112 The scientific value of mineral beauty.........................................................................................................775
12. PLANETARY MINERALOGY
PL121 Planetary mineralogy: Meteorites, shock metamorphism, and more...........................................................777
PL122/124 Minerals in meteorites / First solids in the solar system..............................................................................787
PL123 Cometary and stellar mineralogy.................................................................................................................791
PL125 Terrestrial and extra-terrestrial nanodiamonds: Recent progress in the occurrences, structures and uses...797
13. THERMODYNAMICS, KINETICS AND MINERAL PHYSICS
TH131 Influence of reaction kinetics on rock microstructure, texture and micro-chemistry: Assessing the
petrogenetic record..............................................................................................................................799
TH132 Thermodynamic behaviour of Earth materials............................................................................................807
TH134 Structure-property relations of minerals from atomistic models.................................................................815
TH135 Interactions between solids and aqueous solutions from theory and experiment........................................821
TH136 Mineral growth and interface processes......................................................................................................831
TH137 Nanoparticles: Structure, properties, reactivity............................................................................................843
TH138C11 Physical properties of clays at non-ambient conditions...............................................................................849
TH139C12 Fabric anisotropy and its influence on physical properties of clay-rich rocks.............................................855
14. TEACHING AND OPEN SESSION
TM141G Teaching of mineral sciences.......................................................................................................................859
XO150G Open session: Mineral sciences-related other subjects................................................................................867
Addendum to GP87C3 – Geology of clays.....................................................................................................................872
Authors’ index...............................................................................................................................................................873
Plenary talks v

Mineralogical co-evolution of the geosphere and 40 years of nanomineralogy
biosphere
Buseck, P.R.
Hazen, R.M. School of Earth & Space Exploration and Dept. of
Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, Washington DC, Chemistry/Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ,
USA ([email protected]) USA ([email protected])
The mineralogy of terrestrial planets evolves as a consequence The warm feelings conveyed by Figure 1 reflect the substantial
of varied physical, chemical and biological processes [1]. Initial progress that has occurred in the study of crystalline materials,
evolutionary stages include the transition from ~12 nano-scale including minerals, during the last four decades. That figure,
mineral phases in pre-stellar dense molecular clouds, to ~60 lacking the Valentine Day embellishments, appeared 30 years
primary chondrite minerals, to ~250 different minerals in ago. It followed developments that transformed transmission
altered chondrites, achondrites and differentiated asteroids. electron microscopy from a technique used primarily by
Earth’s subsequent prebiotic mineral evolution depended on a biologists to one routinely utilized by solid-state scientists,
sequence of geochemical and petrologic processes, including including mineralogists. The changes became possible through
volcanism and degassing, fractional crystallization, crystal the availability of new, highly stable microscopes for producing
settling, assimilation reactions, regional and contact high-resolution images and new theory for interpreting the
metamorphism, plate tectonics and associated large-scale fluid- results. This combination facilitated the study of defects and
rock interactions. These processes resulted in perhaps 1500 other irregularities in crystalline and, eventually, non-crystalline
different mineral species. solids. Additional developments continue to this day.
Biological processes began to affect Earth’s surface
mineralogy by the Eoarchean, when large-scale surface mineral
deposits, including carbonates and banded iron formations, were
precipitated under the influences of changing atmospheric and
ocean chemistry. The Paleoproterozoic “Great Oxidation Event”
and Neoproterozoic increases in atmospheric O transformed
2
Earth’s surface mineralogy and are responsible, directly or
indirectly, for most of Earth’s 4300 known mineral species.
Mineral evolution arises from three primary mechanisms:
(1) progressive separation and concentration of elements from
their original relatively uniform distribution; (2) an increase in
range of intensive variables such as pressure, temperature, and
the activities of HO, CO and O; and (3) generation of far-
2 2 2
from-equilibrium conditions by living systems. The sequential
Fig. 1: Slightly edited HRTEM image of defects in biopyriboles;
evolution of Earth’s mineralogy from chondritic simplicity to
modified (by Sue Selkirk) from Fig. 1c in Veblen and Buseck [1].
Phanerozoic complexity introduces the dimension of geologic
time to mineralogy and thus provides a dynamic alternate High-resolution images of solids allowed the first direct
approach to framing the mineral sciences. visualization of structural irregularities in crystals. One no
longer had to infer the crystal defects that permitted solid-state
[1] Hazen, R.M. et al. (2008) Am. Mineral., 93, 1693-1720. reactions to occur. Instead, it became possible to actually
observe the reaction pathways through transitions and reactions
“frozen” before completion. Such new information helped
reconstruct processes that previously could only be inferred.
Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) can be used to
measure the crystalline structures and compositions of minerals
at the micrometer to sub-nanometer scale. For particles, such as
occur in the atmosphere and comprise an area of increasing
interest for mineralogists, they can also be used to determine
their sizes, 2D and 3D shapes, intergrowths, and coatings, all of
which are of interest for atmospheric and climate studies.
The various nanoscale modes of modern TEMs include
high-resolution imaging (HRTEM); energy-dispersive X-ray
spectrometry (EDS) to determine compositions of inorganic
species; electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) to measure
the abundances of elements heavier than Li, their oxidation
states, and chemical speciation; energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM)
to show the distributions of elements within substances;
selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) to determine
crystallographic structures; environmental-TEM (ETEM) to
measure hygroscopic properties, volatilities, and reactions at
high temperature; electron holography (EH) for magnetic
studies; and electron tomography (ET) to determine 3D shapes.
Mineral studies at elevated temperatures are almost routine,
and we are currently trying to develop the use of TEMs to study
minerals at high pressure. Examples will be provided of a range
of problems addressed by studying minerals on a level ranging
down to the nanoscale.
[1] Veblen, D.R. & Buseck, P.R. (1980) Am. Mineral., 65, 599-
623.
vi Plenary talks

Composition and evolution of the SCLM, and the Mineralogical and glass compositional
origin of its diamonds variations during the 2010 eruption of
Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland
Griffin, W.L.* & O’Reilly, S.Y.
GEMOC, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sigmarsson, O.
Sydney, NSW, Australia (*[email protected]) Inst. of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik,
Iceland ([email protected]) and
Recent developments in seismic tomography and the integrated Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS - Université Blaise
modeling of geophysical and petrological data have stimulated a Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
major re-evaluation of the original composition and present
extent of Archean subcontinental lithospheric mantle (A- After three months of magma injection beneath Eyjafjallajökull
SCLM). Analyses of seismic and gravity data, and volcano, and corresponding inflation of the volcano, a lateral
consideration of relationships in exposed Archean peridotite eruption started March 20 at the Fimmvörðuháls pass.
massifs, suggest that the primitive A-SCLM probably was a Relatively primitive olivine and plagioclase bearing basalt was
highly depleted, moderately oxidised dunite-harzburgite, produced from ca. 500 m long fissure. After the first two days,
formed by high-degree melting at high T and P. Seismic the activity was concentrated in a single strombolian crater until
tomography of cratons at regional and local scales shows March 31 when a new eruption fissure opened orthogonal to the
“knobs” of high-Vs material that can be modeled as primitive first one. Last lava-forming activity was observed March 12.
A-SCLM, surrounded by zones of lower Vs. Kimberlites The basalt composition has a restricted whole-rock
preferentially intrude these low-Vs belts, bringing up xenolith compositional range (8-9% MgO) from 3% Hy-normative at the
suites dominated by garnet lherzolites. By analogy with beginning to 3% Ne-normative composition at the end. The
Archean peridotite massifs, these less-depleted rocks are euhedral phenocrysts assemblage is composed of Cr-rich spinel
interpreted as the result of metasomatic refertilisation, with (picotite), olivine in the range Fo79-71 (with four crystals of
progressive addition of cpx and garnet, and lowering of Mg#, in Fo86), and a bytownite plagioclase (An81-76). Abundant
the peridotites. Within individual kimberlite fields, there is a vesicules and microlites characterize the groundmass,
direct correlation between this refertilisation process and the suggesting degassing-related crystallization. The interstitial
presence of diamonds of the peridotitic paragenesis [1]. A glass composition is similar to the evolved FeTi-basalts of the
strong correlation between subcalcic garnets and diamonds neighbouring Katla volcano (MgO: 4.5-5.0%). During the
suggests a model in which diamonds are deposited as CH4-rich historical period Katla has erupted twice per century; it last
fluids are oxidized by the SCLM, producing carbonate-rich, erupted in 1918.
hydrous fluids. On April 14 an explosive summit eruption started beneath
EMP and FTIR analyses of µm-sized fluid inclusions in an ice-cap with an eruption column occasionally rising as high
“fibrous” diamonds have identified a more complex suite of as 8-10 km. Very fine-grained tephra of trachy-andesitic
high-density fluids (HDF), ranging from carbonatitic melts to composition was produced and dispersed to the east and later to
“hydrosilicic” fluids and super-saline brines. LAM-ICPMS the south covering the neighbouring area with a few cm thick
analysis of such diamonds [2] yields trace-element patterns tephra layer. Finest part of this tephra was ejected to significant
similar to kimberlites and carbonatites, with high LREE/HREE, heights in the atmosphere where it sojourned for several days,
and high contents of alkali elements (Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ba) and and was brought over continental Europe by prevailing
HFSE (Ti, Zr, Nb…). Within single localities, carbonatitic, northeast wind directions. The fine grain-size of the tephra is
hydro-silicic and saline fluids have broadly similar trace- not only due to rapid quenching caused by ice-magma
element patterns. The different types of HDF may reflect interaction but also by fragmentation caused by rapid strain of a
complex interactions between low-volume (mostly carbonatitic) relatively viscous melt. The trachy-andesite produced during the
melts, saline brines and different wall rocks (peridotitic vs first five days result from a binary mixing between fractionated
eclogitic, refractory vs metasomatised). basalt (similar in composition to those of Katla volcano) and a
In contrast to the fibrous diamonds, most monocrystalline dacitic melt, possibly left-over from the penultimate eruption at
diamonds have REE patterns that are either are essentially flat, Eyjafjallajökull (the 1821 dacite), and a consequent rapid
or are depleted in LREE relative to HREE. They also are magma ascent. The magma mixing is reflected by linear
depleted in the alkali elements relative to the LREE, and many correlations on element-element plots between major- and trace-
show strong negative anomalies in Y and Sr. These fluids and element concentrations obtained on whole-rock samples and in-
those that form fibrous diamonds may be related through situ by EMPA and LA-ICP-MS methods applied to primitive
carbonate/silicate melt immiscibility; the transition between melt-inclusions, groundmass glasses and tephra fragments from
them has been observed in single stones. In the Diavik mines, the 1821 eruption. Three glass types are observed in the early
some monocrystalline diamonds and their fibrous/granular coats tephra with SiO concentrations of 49-51%, 60-61% and 69-
2
appear to have grown from the same type(s) of fluid. 70% that illustrates a mechanical magma mingling without
If most peridotitic diamonds are related to the metasomatic enough time for homogenization before eruption. This results in
modification of the dunitic Archean SCLM, then progressive complex mineralogical zonation with Fo64-50, An69-9 and Mg-
metasomatism of the SCLM through time should decrease its number of clinopyroxene in the range 72-26. On May 4 a deep
overall prospectivity for diamonds. However, in seismic swarm (over 20 km deep) occurred with consequent
tectonothermally younger terrains, diamonds are commonly higher magma output as measured from the height of the May 5
hosted primarily in eclogites. In the absence of oxidized dunites, eruption column. The tephra produced that day is comprised of
these mafic rocks may provide the redox environment required well-mixed glass with SiO of 62-63% but has 50μm zoned-
2
to deposit diamonds. Metasomatism is an ongoing process, and olivines with 10 μm tick rim of Fo . The core has Fo , a
48-50 80
it is not obvious that diamonds necessarily are ancient; some composition similar to the olivines of the Fimmvörðuháls
may be quite „modern.” basalts. These results indicate a direct link between the arrival
of primitive basalts, deep seismicity, increased magma pressure
[1] Malkovets, V. et al. (2007) Geology, 35, 339-342. [2] Rege,
in the plumbing system, and higher magma output rate. Taken
S. et al. (2005) J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 20, 601-611.
together, the explosive phase of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull
eruption was caused by dynamic magma mixing of mantle-
derived basalt with older silicic intrusion remobilized by the
crystallizing primitive basalt.
Plenary talks vii

The mineral-microbe interface and its defining Toward theoretical mineralogy: the bond-
role in controlling contaminant mobility in the topological basis of structure stability and
subsurface mineral energetics
Lloyd, J.R. Hawthorne, F.C.
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba,
The University of Manchester, UK Winnipeg, Canada ([email protected])
([email protected])
The electronic properties of the constituent atoms of a structure
Recent advances in mineralogy and microbiology have led to a may be represented as the diagonal elements of a square matrix,
molecular-scale understanding of the critical role of the and the interactions between these atoms may be represented by
mineral-microbe interface in controlling contaminant mobility the off-diagonal terms of this matrix. The form of this matrix is
in the subsurface. Of particular note are respiratory processes, identical to that of the adjacency matrix of the weighted
mediated by specialist bacteria and archaea, and coupled chromatic digraph of the bond network. The electronic energy
directly to the redox transformations of minerals. These density-of-states can be derived using the method of moments
effectively control the mobility of both inorganic and organic [1], where the trace of the diagonalized Hamiltonian matrix (of
species in a wide range of environments and, if harnessed, may the usual secular determinant equation) has a topological
offer the basis of a wide range of innovative biotechnological interpretation in terms of closed paths in the graph of the
processes. These applications include the bioremediation of constituent orbitals. The energy difference between two
metal contaminated land and water, the oxidation of xenobiotics structures depends primarily on the first few disparate moments
under anaerobic conditions, metal recovery in combination with of their respective energy density-of-states [2]. Consider what
the formation of novel functional bionanominerals, and even the this means: (1) zero-order moments are >walks in place= and
generation of electricity from anoxic sediments. Under certain define chemical composition; (2) second-order moments define
conditions, however, microbial redox transformations of coordination number; (3) fourth- and sixth-order moments
minerals can also mobilise toxic metals and metalloids with define local connectivity of coordination polyhedra; energy
potentially calamitous effects on human health. differences between structures are dependent on these features.
Focusing on “dissimilatory” mineral reduction processes, I Open-system behaviour changes zero-order moments, closed
will discuss recent advances in the understanding of the system behaviour does not change zero-order moments. Within
mechanisms of anoxic Fe redox cycling in the subsurface, and this framework, we may divide mineral reactions into two
the impact of Fe mineral biotransformations on sediment types: (1) those where bond topology is conserved; (2) those
biogeochemistry and the mobility of trace metals, metalloids where bond topology is not conserved. Conservation of Bond
and radionuclides. The biotechnological application of mineral- Topology: The edge set of the digraph is conserved but the
transforming metal-reducing bacteria for the generation of weights may vary depending on local changes in the vertex set.
commercially useful bionanominerals will also be discussed, Thus the energetically most important changes involve variation
alongside their use in a range of innovative ex situ applications. in patterns of Short-Range Order (SRO). In order to conserve
The dramatic impact of advanced imaging, synchrotron bond topology with varying T and P, thermal expansion and
spectroscopy and genomics-enabled techniques in dissecting the elastic compression must be accompanied by element
mineral-microbe interface will be highlighted alongside current substitutions that accord with the short-range version [3] of the
challenges in this rapidly developing area of multidisciplinary valence-sum rule of bond-valence theory [4]. Thus variation in
science. SRO is an integral part of continuous mineral reactions and
drives compositional change. Non-conservation of Bond
Topology: In a closed system, zero moments are fixed and the
lowest-order changes involve second-order moments, i.e.,
changes in coordination number. Many reactions of geological
interest involve conservation of cation-coordination number,
and such reactions are driven primarily by changes in anion-
coordination number. The correspondence principle of Lewis
acidity – Lewis basicity [5] may be used to explain the
structural and chemical complexity of many surficial minerals.
Where data are available, species in aqueous solution follow the
valence-sum rule, and their Lewis basicities scale with the pH
values of the solution at maximum abundance of the species in
solution. The complex species in aqueous solution actually form
the building blocks of the crystallizing minerals, and in
principle, the structures thus retain a record of the pH of the
nascent solutions from which they crystallized. This general
approach has an atomistic basis and yet is sufficiently simple
that complex problems can be addressed in a transparent yet
quantitative manner.
[1] Burdett, J.K. et al. (1984) Croatia Chem. Acta, 57, 1193-
1216. [2] Burdett, J.K. & Lee, S. (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
107, 3063-3082. [3] Hawthorne, F.C. (1997) Can. Mineral., 35,
201-216. [4] Brown, I.D. (2002) The Chemical Bond in
Inorganic Chemistry. The Bond Valence Model. Oxford
University Press. [5] Hawthorne, F.C. & Schindler, M. (2008)
Z. Kristallogr., 223, 41-68.
viii Plenary talks

X-ray spectroscopy on geomaterials using
synchrotron radiation
Wilke, M.
Helmholtzzentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum,
GFZ, Potsdam, Germany ([email protected])
In the last two decades, synchrotron radiation (SR) has become
an indispensable tool for studying geomaterials using X-ray
spectroscopic techniques. The continuous spectrum and the high
brilliance produced by a SR source not only enable the
acquisition of high quality data in short time, but also provide
the possibility to focus the SR beam into small spots with very
high photon flux. Particularly the latter feature is a prerequisite
for many applications in Earth sciences. In this lecture, a
sequence of examples using X-ray spectroscopic techniques is
discussed, which highlight the versatile applicability to many
materials of geological interest at the relevant geological
conditions.
One very important application using the fine structure
observed at the X-ray absorption edge (XANES) represents the
investigation of redox processes. For Fe, the pre-edge region
provides an almost direct way of quantifying the oxidation state
in many crystalline and non-crystalline compounds [1], even
with microscopic spatial resolution, e.g. [2]. XANES at the S K-
edge may be used to study S-redox equilibria in melts, e.g. [3].
E.g., new XANES derived data show a much narrower
transition from sulfide to sulfate with oxygen fugacity than
previously determined with the electron microprobe. This may
have considerable implications for the sulfur behaviour in
subduction-related magmas [4]. Time-resolved XANES may
even be used to determine the progress and mechanism of redox
reactions. E.g., this was nicely shown for the case of oxidation
of Mn(II) by bacteria [5].
Due to the rather low absorption of hard X-rays by matter,
SR opens up the possibility to perform measurements in high-
pressure or reaction cells. SR micro-XRF is used for obtaining
trace element concentrations in aqueous fluids in-situ at high P
and T using an XRF-optimized diamond anvil cell, with
detection limits in the lower ppm range [6,7], even for low Z
elements such as Ti [8]. A particular advantage over any quench
technique is the possibility to study directly the kinetics of
equilibration [9]. Furthermore, the high-pressure setup is used
to investigate the element complexation in aqueous fluids by
acquiring X-ray absorption spectra at conditions of the Earth’s
crust, e.g. REE in model fluid compositions [10]. XANES on Fe
in hydrous melt at P & T provides evidence for non-quenchable
structural re-organizations in the Fe environment during the
cooling to a hydrous glass [11]. These valuable insights cannot
be achieved on quenched samples at all and show the
importance of these studies particularly for the understanding of
processes at high P and T.
The soon dedication of new and upgraded SR sources for
hard X-rays, will make sure that the conditions for such studies
will improve and will certainly open up possibilities for new
experiments to provide access to parameters not accessible so
far.
[1] Wilke, M. et al. (2001) Am. Mineral., 86, 714-730. [2]
Schmid, R. et al. (2003) Lithos, 70, 381-392. [3] Wilke, M. et
al. (2008) Am. Mineral., 93, 235-240. [4] Jugo, P.J. et al. (2010)
Geophys. Res. Abstr., 12, EGU2010-7075. [5] Bargar, J.R. et al.
(2000) Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 64, 2775-2778. [6] Schmidt,
C. & Rickers, K. (2003) Am. Mineral., 88, 288-292 [7] Schmidt,
C. et al. (2007) Lithos, 95, 87-102, [8] Manning, C.E. et al.
(2008) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 272, 730-737. [9] Borchert, M.
et al. (2009) Chem. Geol., 259, 39-47. [10] Mayanovic, R.A. et
al. (2009) Chem. Geol., 259, 30-38. [11] Wilke, M. et al. (2006)
Chem. Geol., 229, 144-161.