Mineral Nutrition of Rice

586 Pages·2013·76.717 MB·English

by  N K Fageria

Mineral Nutrition
of Rice

Mineral Nutrition
of Rice
Nand Kumar Fageria
CRC Press
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To my wife Shanti
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................xv
About the Author ...................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Ecophysiology of Rice ..........................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Rice Cultivation Ecosystems .....................................................3
1.2.1 Irrigated (or Flooded) Rice ..........................................3
1.2.2 Upland Rice ..................................................................5
1.2.3 Deep Water and Floating Rice .....................................5
1.3 Soil Used for Rice Cultivation ...................................................6
1.3.1 Lowland Rice ...............................................................6
1.3.2 Upland Rice ................................................................10
1.4 Climatic Conditions .................................................................12
1.4.1 Temperature ................................................................17
1.4.2 Solar Radiation ...........................................................23
1.4.3 Water Requirements ...................................................26
1.5 Growth Stages .........................................................................31
1.5.1 Vegetative Growth Stage ............................................32
1.5.1.1 Root Growth ...............................................34
1.5.1.2 Plant Height ................................................39
1.5.1.3 Tillering ......................................................45
1.5.1.4 Shoot Dry Weight .......................................48
1.5.1.5 Leaf Morphology ........................................52
1.5.1.6 Leaf Area Index ..........................................53
1.5.2 Reproductive Growth Stage .......................................55
1.5.2.1 Panicle Size .................................................55
1.5.2.2 Compact Panicle .........................................56
1.5.2.3 Panicle Exsertion ........................................56
1.5.3 Spikelet-Filling or Ripening Growth Stage ................57
1.5.3.1 Spikelet Sterility .........................................58
1.5.3.2 Spikelet Weight ...........................................59
1.5.3.3 Grain Harvest Index ...................................59
1.6 Yield and Potential Yield .........................................................62
1.7 Yield Component Analysis ......................................................64
1.8 Rice Ratooning ........................................................................66
1.8.1 Ratooning Mechanisms ..............................................67
1.8.2 Ratoon Crop Management Practices ..........................68
1.8.2.1 Cutting Height ............................................68
1.8.2.2 Nitrogen Fertilization .................................69
vii
viii Contents
1.8.2.3 Irrigation Water Management .....................69
1.8.2.4 Phytosanitary Measures ..............................70
1.9 Abiotic and Biotic Stresses ......................................................70
1.9.1 Soil Salinity ................................................................70
1.9.1.1 Management Practices to Improve Rice
Growth on Salt-Affected Soils ...................71
1.9.2 Allelopathy .................................................................77
1.9.2.1 Rice Allelochemicals ..................................78
1.9.2.2 Ameliorating Upland Rice Allelopathy ......79
1.9.3 Diseases ......................................................................82
1.9.3.1 Rice Blast ....................................................83
1.9.3.2 Sheath Blight...............................................83
1.9.3.3 Brown Spot .................................................84
1.9.3.4 Leaf Scald ...................................................84
1.9.3.5 Grain Discoloration ....................................84
1.9.4 Insects .........................................................................85
1.9.5 Weeds .........................................................................85
1.10 Hybrid Rice .............................................................................87
1.11 Conclusions ..............................................................................87
References ..........................................................................................88
Chapter 2 Nitrogen ............................................................................................105
2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................105
2.2 Nitrogen Cycle in Soil–Plant System ....................................109
2.3 Functions ...............................................................................113
2.4 Deficiency Symptoms ............................................................122
2.5 Uptake in Plants.....................................................................125
2.5.1 Forms of Uptake .......................................................125
2.5.2 Uptake in Plant Tissue ..............................................126
2.6 Harvest Index.........................................................................132
2.7 Use Efficiency ........................................................................136
2.8 Management Practices ...........................................................142
2.8.1 Sources and Methods of Application .......................144
2.8.2 Adequate Rate ..........................................................153
2.8.3 Application Timing during Growth Cycle ...............156
2.8.4 Use of Farm Yard and Green Manure ......................159
2.8.5 Use of Cover Crops ..................................................161
2.8.6 Use of Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers and
NH+/NO− Inhibitors ...................................................166
4 3
2.8.7 Adoption of Conservation Tillage System ...............172
2.8.8 Adopting Appropriate Crop Rotation .......................173
2.8.9 Use of Chlorophyll Meter .........................................174
2.8.10 Use of Efficient Genotypes.......................................174
2.9 Conclusions ............................................................................178
References ........................................................................................179
Contents ix
Chapter 3 Phosphorus .......................................................................................191
3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................191
3.2 Cycle in Soil–Plant System ...................................................193
3.3 Functions ...............................................................................196
3.4 Deficiency Symptoms ............................................................197
3.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue ...........................................................199
3.6 Harvest Index.........................................................................204
3.7 Use Efficiency ........................................................................205
3.8 Management Practices ...........................................................212
3.8.1 Liming Acidic Soils .................................................213
3.8.2 Sources, Methods, and Timing of Application ........215
3.8.3 Adequate Rate ..........................................................223
3.8.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes.......................................230
3.9 Conclusions ............................................................................233
References ........................................................................................234
Chapter 4 Potassium..........................................................................................239
4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................239
4.2 Cycle in Soil–Plant Sytem .....................................................244
4.3 Functions ...............................................................................246
4.4 Deficiency Symptoms ............................................................250
4.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue ...........................................................250
4.6 Harvest Index.........................................................................256
4.7 Use Efficiency ........................................................................257
4.8 Management Practices ...........................................................260
4.8.1 Sources, Methods, and Timing of Application ........260
4.8.2 Adequate Rate ..........................................................262
4.8.3 Use of Efficient Genotypes.......................................263
4.9 Conclusions ............................................................................274
References ........................................................................................274
Chapter 5 Calcium and Magnesium ..................................................................277
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................277
5.2 Cycle in Soil–Plant System ...................................................281
5.3 Functions ...............................................................................282
5.4 Deficiency Symptoms ............................................................283
5.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue ...........................................................284
5.6 Harvest Index.........................................................................287
5.7 Use Efficiency ........................................................................290
5.8 Management Practices ...........................................................293
5.8.1 Effective Sources ......................................................293
5.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application ....293
5.8.3 Adequate Rate ..........................................................294
5.8.4 Use of Tolerant/Efficient Genotypes ........................304
x Contents
5.9 Conclusions ............................................................................309
References ........................................................................................310
Chapter 6 Sulfur ................................................................................................313
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................313
6.2 Cycle in Soil–Plant System ...................................................314
6.3 Functions ...............................................................................316
6.4 Deficiency Symptoms ............................................................318
6.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue ...........................................................324
6.6 Use Efficiency ........................................................................326
6.7 Management Practices ...........................................................328
6.7.1 Effective Sources ......................................................328
6.7.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application ....329
6.7.3 Adequate Rate ..........................................................329
6.7.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes.......................................333
6.8 Conclusions ............................................................................347
References ........................................................................................347
Chapter 7 Zinc...................................................................................................351
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................351
7.2 Cycle in Soil–Plant System ...................................................353
7.3 Functions ...............................................................................354
7.4 Deficiency Symptoms ............................................................358
7.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue ...........................................................358
7.6 Use Efficiency ........................................................................365
7.7 Harvest Index.........................................................................369
7.8 Management Practices ...........................................................370
7.8.1 Effective Sources ......................................................371
7.8.2 Appropriate Methods and Timing of Application ....372
7.8.3 Adequate Rate ..........................................................373
7.8.4 Use of Efficient Genotypes.......................................374
7.9 Conclusions ............................................................................380
References ........................................................................................381
Chapter 8 Copper ..............................................................................................387
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................387
8.2 Cycle in Soil–Plant System ...................................................389
8.3 Functions ...............................................................................390
8.4 Deficiency Symptoms ............................................................391
8.5 Uptake in Plant Tissue ...........................................................393
8.6 Use Efficiency ........................................................................398
8.7 Harvest Index.........................................................................398
8.8 Management Practices ...........................................................399