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Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior Foundations of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research at the National Institutes of Health Ingrid G. Farreras EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Caroline Hannaway EDITOR Victoria A. Harden EDITOR Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior Biomedical and Health Research Volume 62 Recently published in this series: Vol. 61. J.-F. Stoltz (Ed.), Mechanobiology: Cartilage and Chondrocyte - Volume 3 Vol. 60. J.-M. Graf von der Schulenburg and M. Blanke (Eds.), Rationing of Medical Services in Europe: An Empirical Study – A European Survey Vol. 59. M. Wolman and R. Manor, Doctors’ Errors and Mistakes of Medicine: Must Health Care Deteriorate? Vol. 58. S. Holm and M. Jonas (Eds.), Engaging the World: The Use of Empirical Research in Bioethics and the Regulation of Biotechnology Vol. 57. A. Nosikov and C. Gudex (Eds.), EUROHIS: Developing Common Instruments for Health Surveys Vol. 56. P. Chauvin and the Europromed Working Group (Eds.), Prevention and Health Promotion for the Excluded and the Destitute in Europe Vol. 55. J. Matsoukas and T. Mavromoustakos (Eds.), Drug Discovery and Design: Medical Aspects Vol. 54. I.M. Shapiro, B.D. Boyan and H.C. Anderson (Eds.), The Growth Plate Vol. 53. C. Huttin (Ed.), Patient Charges and Decision Making Behaviours of Consumers and Physicians Vol. 52. J.-F. Stoltz (Ed.), Mechanobiology: Cartilage and Chondrocyte, Vol. 2 Vol. 51. G. Lebeer (Ed.), Ethical Function in Hospital Ethics Committees Vol. 50. R. Busse, M. Wismar and P.C. Berman (Eds.), The European Union and Health Services Vol. 49. T. Reilly (Ed.), Musculoskeletal Disorders in Health-Related Occupations Vol. 48. H. ten Have and R. Janssens (Eds.), Palliative Care in Europe – Concepts and Policies Vol. 47. H. Aldskogius and J. Fraher (Eds.), Glial Interfaces in the Nervous System – Role in Repair and Plasticity Vol. 46. I. Philp (Ed.), Family Care of Older People in Europe Vol. 45. L. Turski, D.D. Schoepp and E.A. Cavalheiro (Eds.), Excitatory Amino Acids: Ten Years Later Vol. 44. R. Coppo and Dr. L. Peruzzi (Eds.), Moderately Proteinuric IgA Nephropathy in the Young Vol. 43. B. Shaw, G. Semb, P. Nelson, V. Brattström, K. Mølsted and B. Prahl-Andersen, The Eurocleft Project 1996-2000 Vol. 42. J.-F. Stoltz (Ed.), Mechanobiology: Cartilage and Chondrocyte Vol. 41. T.M. Gress (Ed.), Molecular Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer Vol. 40. H. Leino-Kilpi, M. Välimäki, M. Arndt, T. Dassen, M. Gasull, C. Lemonidou, P.A. Scott, G. Bansemir, E. Cabrera, H. Papaevangelou and J. Mc Parland, Patient’s Autonomy, Privacy and Informed Consent Vol. 39. J.-M. Graf von der Schulenburg (Ed.), The Influence of Economic Evaluation Studies on Health Care Decision-Making Vol. 38. N. Yoganandan and F.A. Pintar (Eds.), Frontiers in Whiplash Trauma Vol. 37. J.M. Ntambi (Ed.), Adipocyte Biology and Hormone Signaling Vol. 36. F.F. Parl, Estrogens, Estrogen Receptor and Breast Cancer Vol. 35. M. Schlaud (Ed.), Comparison and Harmonisation of Denominator Data for Primary Health Care Research in Countries of the European Community Vol. 34. G.J. Bellingan and G.J. Laurent (Eds.), Acute Lung Injury: From Inflammation to Repair Vol. 33. H.H. Goebel, S.E. Mole and B.D. Lake (Eds.), The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease) Vol. 32. B.J. Njio, B. Prahl-Andersen, G. ter Heege, A. Stenvik and R.S. Ireland (Eds.), Quality of Orthodontic Care – A Concept for Collaboration and Responsibilities Vol. 31. B.J. Njio, A. Stenvik, R.S. Ireland and B. Prahl-Andersen (Eds.), EURO-QUAL Vol. 30. J.-F. Stoltz, M. Singh and P. Riha, Hemorheology in Practice Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior Foundations of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research at the National Institutes of Health Ingrid G. Farreras EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Caroline Hannaway EDITOR Victoria A. Harden EDITOR 2004 Amsterdam • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, D.C. iv ©2004, Ingrid G. Farreras and Caroline Hannaway All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 1-58603-471-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2004113434 Publisher IOS Press Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam The Netherlands fax: +31 20 620 3419 e-mail: [email protected] Distributor in the UK and Ireland IOS Press/Lavis Marketing 73 Lime Walk Headington Oxford OX3 7AD England fax: +44 1865 750079 Distributor in the USA and Canada IOS Press, Inc. 4502 Rachael Manor Drive Fairfax, VA 22032 USA fax: +1 703 323 3668 e-mail: [email protected] LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS CONTENTS v Contents Directors’ Foreword ............................................................................ ix Thomas I. Insel Story C. Landis Historical Foreword .......................................................................... xiii Gerald N. Grob Preface ............................................................................................. xvii Contributors ..................................................................................... xxi Abbreviations ................................................................................. xxvii Part I: Historical Background Ingrid G. Farreras Establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health ........... 3 Establishment of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness ......................................................... 19 Joint NIMH-NINDB Intramural Basic Research Program....... 33 NIMH Intramural Clinical Research Program .......................... 57 NINDB Intramural Clinical Research Program ........................ 65 Part II: Reviews of Research in the NIMH and the NINDB Laboratories and Branches Ingrid G. Farreras Adult Psychiatry Branch, NIMH .............................................. 71 Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDB ........................................... 75 vi CONTENTS Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, NIMH .......................... 77 Child Research Branch, NIMH ................................................ 81 Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center, NIMH ............. 85 Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH ..................................... 89 Electroencephalography Branch, NINDB ................................. 97 Medical Neurology Branch, NINDB ...................................... 101 Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Sciences, NINDB ................. 105 Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NIMH-NINDB.................... 109 Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH-NINDB .................. 115 Ophthalmology Branch, NINDB ........................................... 121 Laboratory of Psychology, NIMH........................................... 125 Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Studies, NIMH .............. 137 Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDB ...................................... 143 Part III: Scientists’ First-Person Accounts Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy in the Early Years of the NINDB Intramural Program ....................................... 151 Cosimo Ajmone-Marsan The Section on Aging of the Laboratory of Psychology in the NIMH During the 1950s ............................................ 169 James E. Birren The Early Years of the NIMH Intramural Clinical Research Program .................................................................. 183 Robert A. Cohen Psychopharmacology: Finding One’s Way................................... 201 Joel Elkes My Experiences as a Research Associate in Neurophysiology at the NIH (1958-1960)........................................................ 221 Sid Gilman Reflections from the Pool of Bethesda ........................................ 229 Lloyd Guth CONTENTS vii Adult Psychiatry Research at the NIMH in the 1950s ................ 245 David A. Hamburg Reflections on the Intramural Research Program of the NIMH in the 1950s .............................................................. 257 Melvin L. Kohn Psychopharmacology Research in the 1950s ............................... 267 Irwin J. Kopin A Forty-Year Journey .................................................................. 281 Guy McKhann The Onset of Developmental Neuroscience in Mammals ........... 287 Richard L. Sidman The 1950s Clinical Program at the NINDB ............................... 295 Donald B. Tower Epilogue: Bridge to the Present Story C. Landis ........................................................................... 301 Appendices A. NIMH and NINDB Intramural Research Program Organizational Chart, 1950s ............................................... 306 B. NIMH and NINDB Laboratory and Branch Members ....... 307 Adult Psychiatry Branch, NIMH .................................... 307 Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDB ................................. 309 Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, NIMH ................ 309 Child Research Branch, NIMH ...................................... 310 Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center, NIMH... 311 Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH........................... 312 Electroencephalography Branch, NINDB ...................... 314 Medical Neurology Branch, NINDB .............................. 314 Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Sciences, NINDB ......... 315 viii CONTENTS Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NIMH-NINDB............ 317 Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH-NINDB .......... 318 Ophthalmology Branch, NINDB ................................... 320 Laboratory of Psychology, NIMH .................................. 321 Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Studies, NIMH ...... 323 Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDB .............................. 324 C. NIMH and NINDB Laboratory and Branch Selected Landmark Papers.................................................................. 327 Adult Psychiatry Branch, NIMH .................................... 327 Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, NIMH ................ 329 Child Research Branch, NIMH ...................................... 329 Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center, NIMH... 330 Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH........................... 332 Electroencephalography Branch, NINDB ...................... 333 Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Science, NINDB .......... 334 Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NIMH-NINDB............ 335 Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH-NINDB .......... 336 Laboratory of Psychology, NIMH .................................. 336 Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Studies, NIMH ...... 339 D. Available Resources .............................................................. 341 Index .............................................................................................. 371 DIRECTORS’ FOREWORD ix Directors’ Foreword To appreciate the groundbreaking discoveries we have made in recent years in the field of neuroscience–from the mapping of human disease genes to sophisticated imaging studies of the brain and insightful investigations of cognition and behavior–we must first understand the context of what came before, in the last half century. Fifty years ago we had only just discovered the structure of DNA. Now we can analyze the expression of thousands of genes in an afternoon. Our forebears laid the vital groundwork needed to make progress against neurological and mental disorders. A large portion of that foun dation was built in the intramural laboratories at the National Insti tutes of Health (NIH)–by the pioneering scientists who founded and staffed the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness (NINDB, predecessor of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). We now have powerful tools and methods at our disposal thanks to the efforts of these early neuroscientists, who fueled the engine of discov ery and changed the nature of the scientific questions that can be asked today. Without them, we would not have the remarkable breakthroughs in genomics, imaging, and many other areas that help us bring novel treat ments to the millions of Americans who so desperately need them. The two institutes were joined early, almost from the inception of the NIH. Formerly the PHS’s Division of Mental Hygiene, the NIMH was established as part of the NIH in 1949. Congress established the NINDB in 1950, but without the funds it needed, at first, to establish its own research program. The first director of the NINDB had to rely on the generosity of the first director of the NIMH, and its scientific director–Seymour S. Kety. Kety hired researchers for both institutes on