Mind - Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience PDF
Preview Mind - Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience
Mind-Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience Mitch Earleywine, Editor OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS mind-altering drugs This page intentionally left blank mind-altering drugs the science of subjective experience Edited by Mitch Earleywine 1 2005 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mind-altering drugs : the science of subjective experience / edited by Mitch Earleywine. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-516531-9 ISBN 0-19-516531-4 1. Substance abuse. 2. Reinforcement (Psychology) 3. Individual differences. I. Earleywine, Mitch. RC564.M557 2005 616.86—dc22 2004010568 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Preface A parsimonious and intuitive theory of substance abuse relies on the idea that drugs create changes in subjective states that users find re- inforcing. A clear understanding of individual differences in these sub- jective changes can help researchers investigate the etiology of substance abuse. Links between subjective and neurological changes during intoxication also reveal valuable information about the brain mechanisms involved in alterations of consciousness. In addition, frank discussions of these changes in mood, sensations, and consciousness can help substance abusers sort the pros and cons of their drug con- sumption in therapeutic ways. Nevertheless, researchers and clinicians familiar with drugs often do not know the best way to describe or quantify their subjective effects. At least a third of Americans have used an illicit drug at least once. Drugs attract considerable attention in science, legislation, and the media. Nevertheless, people develop their attitudes about drugs and drug users based on limited information. Government policies form without a complete picture of the intoxication experience, too. Research- ers often find themselves divided into camps based on the drug they study most often (e.g., the Research Society on Alcoholism), limiting their ability to benefit from important work done on other drugs. A thorough and accessible review of the subjective effects of drugs and the dominant theories behind these effects will help inform read- ers about the experience of intoxication and help researchers learn from studies in other disciplines. I sincerely hope that readers will finish this book with a clear sense of the theories and techniques behind the investigations of intoxication and how subjective experiences relate to addictive potential. This work should help people make educated vi PREFACE decisions about drug use. It will also help researchers identify ideal ways to assess a drug’s subjective effects. In addition, clinicians may understand their substance-abusing cli- ents better once they gain insight into the intoxication that they seek. The chapters here reveal that each drug of abuse has its own unique properties, creating novel sensations, thoughts, emotions, and experi- ences. In addition, these changes in subjective states appear to moti- vate consumption in a way that may help explain problematic use. In addition, the final chapter shows an alternative technique (neuro- feedback) that can create comparable changes in subjective state. Each chapter describes the relevant research and explains its limitations. These concise descriptions of select studies will also help readers un- derstand the complex interaction of societal, biological, social, and psychological factors in the creation of altered states of consciousness. Contents Contributors, ix 1. Behavioral Theories of Choice Christopher J. Correia, 3 2. Psychedelic, Psychoactive, and Addictive Drugs and States of Consciousness Ralph Metzner, 25 3. Hallucinogens Rick Strassman, 49 4. Subjective Effects of Alcohol I Kenneth J. Sher, Mark D. Wood, Alison E. Richardson, and Kristina M. Jackson, 86 5. Subjective Effects of Alcohol II Kenneth J. Sher and Mark D. Wood, 135 6. Ethnicity and the Subjective Effects of Alcohol Travis A. R. Cook and Tamara L. Wall, 154 7. Sex and Drugs Susan C. Han and Suzette M. Evans, 183 8. Subjective Effects of Opioids Sandy M. Comer and James P. Zacny, 217 viii CONTENTS 9. Cannabis Mitch Earleywine, 240 10. Relationships Between Personality and Acute Subjective Responses to Stimulant Drugs Harriet de Wit, 258 11. Subjective Effects of Methylphenidate Scott Kollins, 275 12. Subjective Effects of Nitrous Oxide (N O) 2 Diana J. Walker and James P. Zacny, 305 13. Corporate Highs, Corporeal Lows David Lenson, 338 14. The Subjective Response to Neurofeedback Siegfried Othmer, Vicki Pollock, and Norman Miller, 345 Index, 367 Contributors Sandy M. Comer New York State Psychiatric Institute College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University Travis A. R. Cook University of California, San Diego Christopher J. Correia Auburn University Harriet de Wit University of Chicago Mitch Earleywine University of Southern California Suzette M. Evans New York State Psychiatric Institute Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University Susan C. Han New York State Psychiatric Institute Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University Kristina M. Jackson University of Missouri–Columbia and the Midwest Alcoholism Research Center ix
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