Mims’ Medical Microbiology:

629 Pages·2012·96.58 MB·English

by  Richard V. Goering

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Mims’
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Commissioning Editor: Madelene Hyde
Development Editor: Margaret Nelson
Project Manager: Maggie Johnson
Design: Stewart Larking
Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose
Illustrator: Richard Tibbitts
Marketing Managers (UK/USA): Deborah Watkins for the UK and Veronica Short for US
COVER IMAGE
The micrograph on the cover shows Shigella
flexneri bound to Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs),
a structure formed by neutrophil granulocytes that captures and kills pathogens.
Courtesy of Dr. Volker Brinkmann, Max Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin.
Medical
Mims’
MMiiccrroobbiioollooggyy
Fifth Edition
Richard V Goering Peter L Chiodini

BA MSc PhD BSc MBBS PhD FRCP FRCPath FFTM
Professor and Chair RCPS (Glas)
Department of Medical Microbiology Consultant Parasitologist
and Immunology Hospital for Tropical Diseases
Creighton University Medical Center London
School of Medicine Honorary Professor
Omaha, Nebraska USA London School of Hygiene & Tropical
Medicine
London, UK
Hazel M Dockrell

BA (Mod) PhD
Ivan M Roitt
Professor of Immunology
Department of Infectious DSc HonFRCP FRCPath FRS,
and Tropical Diseases Hon Director
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Middlesex Centre for Investigative
Medicine & Diagnostic Oncology
London, UK School of Health & Social Sciences
Middlesex University
London, UK
Mark Zuckerman

BSc (Hons) MBBS MRCP MSc FRCPath
Consultant Virologist and Honorary Senior
Lecturer
South London Specialist Virology Centre
King's College Hospital NHS
Foundation Trust
King's College London School of Medicine
London, UK
MIMS’ MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Main Edition) ISBN: 978-0-7234-3601-0
MIMS’ MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (International Edition) ISBN: 978-0-8089-2440-1
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research
and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge
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Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
Medical Microbiology fifth edition continues the success- for Control. Bibliographic references continue to include current
ful past approach of employing the dual viewpoints of basic Internet-based resources. Online access to interactive extras is
science and system-based clinical application to present the provided via Elsevier's STUDENT CONSULT website (www.
conflict between infectious disease and host response. The studentconsult.com) including chapter-specific questions
title remains Mims’ Medical Microbiology, recognizing the and answers, mostly in USMLE format.
founding contribution of Cedric Mims to this work. Derek The contribution of molecular approaches to our
Wakelin, who played such a major part in earlier editions, understanding of pathogen–host response interaction has
has relinquished his role as a main author and we gratefully never been greater than it is today. The challenge is to
acknowledge his contribution. incorporate this wealth of information into a logical and
This edition continues descriptive illustrations of ‘Conflicts’ in unified approach to the subject that is readable, exciting, and
the introductory chapters as well as chapter-specific ‘Lessons in informative. We believe that is what the student will find in
Microbiology’ and ‘Key Facts’ summaries. Discussion of micro- this new edition of Medical Microbiology.
bial genomics, detection and diagnosis of infection, antimicrobial
agents and chemotherapy, immune defence, tables, figures and
the Pathogen Parade (now online-only) have all been updated. Richard V Goering, Hazel M Dockrell, Mark Zuckerman,
Chapter 32, Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Peter L Chiodini, Ivan M Roitt 2012
represents a total revision of text previously entitled Strategies
v
Acknowledgements
As in previous editions, we again express our sincere appre- questions and given valuable advice, ensuring accuracy and
ciation of the many colleagues who have helped in a vari- clarity as far as possible. Any remaining errors are entirely
ety of ways in the production of this text, particularly Mel the responsibility of the authors. We would also like to thank
Smith. Those who have kindly allowed us to use their illus- the editorial and production staff of Elsevier, who have been
trative material are duly acknowledged in the figure legends. unfailingly helpful and efficient.
We thank the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine
for providing the portrait photographs used in the histori-
cal profiles. Other colleagues have patiently answered our RVG, HMD, MZ, PLC, IMR
Contributors
Dr Katharina Kranzer
Department of Clinical Research
Faculty of Infectious and
Tropical Diseases
London School of Hygiene &
Tropical Medicine
London, UK.
vi
Student Consultants
Alison Bell Michael Cheng
Queens’ University Belfast David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Belfast, UK Los Angeles, California, USA
Year of Graduation 2013 Year of Graduation 2012
Elizabeth Carr Matthew Crowson
University of St Andrews School of Dartmouth Medical School
Medicine Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
St Andrews, UK Year of Graduation 2013
Year of Graduation 2015
Bernard H o
Terry Chen
St George's University of London
Touro University Nevada College of London, UK
Osteopathic Medicine Year of Graduation 2012
Henderson, Nevada, USA
Year of Graduation 2014
vii
Contents
Preface v Defences once the microorganism
Acknowledgements vi penetrates the body 68
Contributors vi 10. Adaptive responses provide a ‘quantum leap’
Student Consultants vii
in effective defence 83
A contemporary approach to microbiology xi
The role of antibodies 83
Microbes and parasites xi
The role of T lymphocytes 86
The context for contemporary medical
Extracellular attack on large infectious agents 89
microbiology xi
Local defences at mucosal surfaces 90
Microbiology past, present and future xii
11. The cellular basis of adaptive immune
The approach adopted in this book xiv
responses 95
SECTION 1 THE ADVERSARIES – MICROBES B- and T-cell receptors 98
Clonal expansion of lymphocytes 98
1. Microbes as parasites 3 The role of memory cells 99
The varieties of microbes 3 Stimulation of lymphocytes 101
Living inside or outside cells 4 Cytokines 102
Systems of classification 5 Regulatory mechanisms 105
2. The bacteria 7 Tolerance mechanisms 106
Structure 7
SECTION 3 THE CONFLICTS
Nutrition 9
Growth and division 10
12. Background to the infectious diseases 111
Gene expression 11
Host–parasite relationships 111
Survival under adverse conditions 16
Causes of infectious diseases 115
Mobile genetic elements 16
The biologic response gradient 117
Mutation and gene transfer 20
The genomics of medically important bacteria 23 13. Entry, exit and transmission 119
3. The viruses 27 Sites of entry 119
Exit and transmission 125
Infection of host cells 27
Types of transmission between humans 127
Replication 29
Transmission from animals 132
Outcome of viral infection 31
Major groups of viruses 33 14. Immune defences in action 137
4. The fungi 37 Complement 137
Acute phase proteins and pattern
Major groups of disease-causing fungi 37
recognition receptors 137
5. The protozoa 41
Fever 139
6. The helminths and arthropods 43
Natural killer cells 139
The helminths 43 Phagocytosis 139
The arthropods 46 Cytokines 142
7. Prions 49 Antibody-mediated immunity 144
‘Rogue protein’ pathogenesis 49 Cell-mediated immunity 146
Development, transmission and diagnosis Recovery from infection 149
of prion diseases 50 15. Spread and replication 153
Prevention and treatment of prion diseases 51 Features of surface and systemic infections 154
8. The host–parasite relationship 53 Mechanisms of spread through the body 155
The normal flora 53 Genetic determinants of spread and replication 158
Symbiotic associations 56 Other factors affecting spread and replication 159
The characteristics of parasitism 58 16. Parasite survival strategies and persistent
The evolution of parasitism 59
infections 163
SECTION 2 THE ADVERSARIES–HOST DEFENCES Parasite survival strategies 164
Antigenic variation 169
9. The innate defences of the body 67 Immunosuppression 170
Persistent infections 173
Defence against entry into the body 67
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Contents
17. Pathologic consequences of infection 179 Mycoplasmas and non-gonococcal urethritis 255
Pathology caused directly by microorganism 179 Other causes of vaginitis and urethritis 255
Diarrhea 183 Genital herpes 256
Pathologic activation of natural Human papillomavirus infection 257
immune mechanisms 183 Human immunodeficiency virus 257
Pathologic consequences of the Opportunist STIs 267
immune response 187 Arthropod infestations 267
Skin rashes 191 22. Gastrointestinal tract infections 269
Viruses and cancer 192 Diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial or viral
infection 270
SECTION 4 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND
Food poisoning 283
DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIONS BY BODY SYSTEM
Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcer disease 284
Parasites and the gastrointestinal tract 284
Introduction to Section 4: The clinical
Systemic infection initiated in the
manifestations of infection 197
gastrointestinal tract 291
18. Upper respiratory tract infections 199
23. Obstetric and perinatal infections 303
Rhinitis 199
Infections occurring in pregnancy 303
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis 200
Congenital infections 303
Parotitis 208
Infections occurring around the time of birth 308
Otitis and sinusitis 209
24. Central nervous system infections 311
Acute epiglottitis 210
Oral cavity infections 210 Invasion of the central nervous system 311
The body’s response to invasion 311
19. Lower respiratory tract infections 213
Meningitis 313
Laryngitis and tracheitis 213
Encephalitis 319
Diphtheria 213
Neurologic diseases of possible viral aetiology 324
Whooping cough 214
Spongiform encephalopathies caused
Acute bronchitis 215
by scrapie-type agents 324
Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis 216
CNS disease caused by parasites 324
Bronchiolitis 216
Brain abscesses 325
Respiratory syncytial virus infection 216
Tetanus and botulism 326
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) 217
25. Infections of the eye 329
Pneumonia 217
Bacterial pneumonia 218 Conjunctivitis 329
Viral pneumonia 221 Infection of the deeper layers of the eye 332
Parainfluenza virus infection 221 26. Infections of the skin, soft tissue, muscle and
Adenovirus infection 223 associated systems 335
Human metapneumovirus 223 Bacterial infections of skin, soft tissue and
Human bocavirus 223 muscle 337
Influenza virus infection 223 Mycobacterial diseases of the skin 343
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated Fungal infections of the skin 345
coronavirus infection 228 Parasitic infections of the skin 350
Measles 229 Mucocutaneous lesions caused by viruses 351
Cytomegalovirus infection 230 Smallpox 358
Tuberculosis 230 Measles 358
Cystic fibrosis 233 Rubella 360
Lung abscess 233 Other infections producing skin lesions 361
Fungal infections 234 Kawasaki syndrome 361
Parasitic infections 235 Viral infections of muscle 361
20. Urinary tract infections 237 Parasitic infections of muscle 362
Acquisition and aetiology 237 Joint and bone infections 363
Pathogenesis 238 Infections of the haemopoietic system 365
Clinical features and complications 240 27. Vector-borne infections 367
Laboratory diagnosis 241 Arbovirus infections 367
Treatment 242 Infections caused by rickettsiae 369
Prevention 243 Borrelia infections 373
21. Sexually transmitted infections 245 Protozoal infections 375
STIs and sexual behaviour 245 Helminth infections 380
Syphilis 245 28. Multisystem zoonoses 383
Gonorrhoea 249 Arenavirus infections 383
Chlamydial infection 251 Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Other causes of inguinal lymphadenopathy 253 (HFRS) 385
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