MIMO Signals and Systems

215 Pages·2005·5.929 MB·English

by  Horst Bessai

MIMO SIGNALS
AND SYSTEMS
Information Technology. Transmission, Processing, and Storage
Series Editor: Jack Keil Wolf
University of California at San Diego
La Jolla, California
Editorial Board: Robert J. McEliece
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
John Proakis
Northeastern University
Boston, Massachusetts
William H. Tranter
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
Coded Modulation Systems
John B. Anderson and Arne Svensson
Communication System Design Using DSP Algorithms: With
Laboratory Experiments for the TMS320C6701 and TMS320C6711
Steven A. Tretter
Interference Avoidance Methods for Wireless Systems
Dimitrie C. Popescu and Christopher Rose
MIMO Signals and Systems
Horst J. Bessai
Performance Analysis and Modeling of Digital Transmission
Systems
William Turin
Stochastic Image Processing
Chee Sun Won and Robert M. Gray
Wireless Communications Systems and Networks
Mohsen Guizani
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MIMO SIGNALS
AND SYSTEMS
Horst J. Bessai
University of Siegen
Siegen, Germany
Sprin er
g
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bessai, Horst J.
MIMO signals and systems / by Horst J. Bessai.
p. cm. - (Information technology-transmission, processing, and storage)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-387-23488-8
1. Signal processing-Mathematics. 2. MIMO systems. 3. Wireless communication
systems. I. Title. 11. Series.
TK5102.9.B47 2005
621.3 82'2-dc22
2004060675
ISBN 0-387-23488-8
©2005 Springer Science-HBusiness Media, Inc.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the
written permission of the publisher (Springer Science-I-Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring
Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or
scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known
or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even
if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether
or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
Printed in the United States of America.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
springeronline.com
Dedicated to my wife Ellen
and my son Jan
for their love, understanding, and support.
PREFACE
This text evolved from notes used to teach two-semester courses on
multi-port signals and systems theory and vector-valued signal transmission
to third-year electrical and computer engineering students. It is also based on
the author's tutorial courses on the subject presented to practicing engineers
in industry. The primary motivation has been to familiarize the reader with
the essential tools and methods used to describe the dynamic behavior of
electrical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The book shall
provide a basic understanding of the fundamentals, implementation, and
applications of MIMO techniques. For easier comprehension, these
techniques, in conjunction with several "classic" algorithms, are illustrated
by means of numerous worked examples. MATLAB, a matrix-oriented
commercial software package with user-friendly interfaces and excellent
graphics support, was chosen to perform numerical analyses. MATLAB is
very easy to learn and de facto a worldwide standard programming language
in universities and industry. End-of chapter problems are added to provide
additional training opportunities and to reinforce the knowledge gained.
Over the last decade, spurred by the invention of a series of
fundamentally new wireless transmission concepts, MIMO theory has been
transformed into one of the most vibrant and active research areas.
Communications engineers continue to produce - at an unprecedented high
speed - more accurate radio channel models. Spectral efficiencies of actually
working systems are reported as high as 20 bits/s/Hz. Information theorists
are eager to find more accurate formulas describing capacity bounds for
communication systems with multiple transmit and/or receive antennas.
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Large teams of scientists are working hard on the development of novel
space-time codes. Others try to design miniaturized antenna arrays.
Even several of the 34 "state-of-the-art" articles published in two special
issues (April + June 2003) of the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications are, to some extent, outdated because of more recent
extensions and technical improvements. New results of ongoing MIMO
research activities appear almost every week. Today, even an initial
literature search into the "basics" of MIMO systems yields a minimum of
2000 articles that appeared in journals, magazines, and conference papers.
A person with no previous training or experience in the specific fields of
electromagnetics, radio technology, wireless transmission systems, coding
and digital modulation theory, etc., is in danger of getting lost right at the
start of a MIMO project. It is the purpose of this text to take away at least
some (not all!) of the load from my students and from the interested readers.
Despite the large quantity of excellent publications, there appears to be a
rift between sophisticated MIMO theory and practical applications. A
complaint often heard from students is that, in most professional journals
and textbooks, mathematics multiplies beyond necessity. I have, therefore,
made all efforts to minimize mathematical prerequisites as well as the
number of extra computational steps to be taken while reading through the
text. Moreover, by omitting more than 50 percent of my original manuscript,
I tried hard to avoid all details that were considered as either too specialized
or in danger of being outdated by the day of the book's publication. Of
course, this comes with the risk of not capturing essential subjects in their
full breadth...
The book starts out in chapter 1 with a comprehensive review of linear
time invariant multiport systems. Signals of the type 5;(p, t), where p is a
geometric position vector and t is the continuous time variable, are then
considered in chapter 2. It shall serve as an introduction into physics of the
generation and propagation of electromagnetic waves through linear media.
The third chapter covers some of the basics needed to design antennas and to
understand the mechanisms of radiation of electromagnetic waves. Chapter 4
deals with signal space concepts. Tools and algorithms are presented to
perform various standard signal processing tasks such as projection,
orthogonalization, orthonormalization, and QR-decomposition of discrete-
time signals. Simple numerical examples are frequently included in the text
to demonstrate how the algorithms actually work. Finally, in chapter 5, a
systematic assortment of MIMO channel problems are listed and discussed.
Several of these problems are numerically solved by means of standard tools
known from linear algebra (vector calculus, matrix inverse and
pseudoinverse) and probability theory. Others require more sophisticated
techniques such as maximum likelihood symbol detection. As an example of
IX
the utilization of space-time codes, the Alamouti scheme is explained for a
scenario with two transmit antennas and one receive antenna. All steps are
demonstrated for the transmission of a QPSK-modulated stream of
information-carrying data symbols. A MATLAB program is provided with
an implementation of both the transmit and the receive side of a QPSK-
modulated Alamouti scheme. Extensions towards orthogonal designs with
both real and complex-valued space-time code matrices are straight forward.
Various known STC code matrices are listed in appendix C.
The first two appendices (A and B) include collections of formulas
needed in vector analysis (appendix A) and matrix algebra (appendix B).
It is my aim to provide the students with some background in the areas of
MIMO signal and system theory. I should emphasize that it is possible to
teach the whole material without any significant omissions in a two-semester
course. Several extra topics of interest were intentionally left out and are to
be covered in the seminars and/or ongoing project works leading to a series
of master and doctoral theses. Topics not covered include dynamic channel
modeling, equalization of MIMO radio channels, carrier and clock
synchronization techniques, antenna arrays and beamforming. New results,
corrections as well as updates and additions to the MATLAB program files
will be made available on my website at http://bessai.coolworld.de
Horst J. Bessai
University of Siegen, Germany
Siegen, June 2004.
Acknowledgment
I am indebted to Ana Bozicevic and Alexander N. Greene of Kluwer
Academic Publishers for their encouragement and help.
Contents
Adopted Notations xv
1 Review of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI)
Multi-Port System Theory 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 A Matrix-Based View of Electrical Multi-Port
Networks 2
1.3 Microwave Multi-Port Networks With Port
Excitations 11
1.4 Fundamental Properties and Models of MIMO
Systems 26
1.5 Chapter 1 Problems 44
References 47
2 Analysis of Space-Time Signals 49
2.1 Introduction to Space-Time Processes 49
2.2 Choice of Coordinate Systems and Vector Analysis 50
2.3 Electromagnetic Waves Propagating Through
MMO Channels 54
2.4 Wavenumbers and Wavenumber-Frequency Spectra 61
2.5 Chapter 2 Problems 100
References 102
XI