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Milton's Loves: From Amity to Caritas in the Paradise Epics PDF

233 Pages·2023·1.616 MB·English
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Milton’s Loves This book is about the multiple loves of Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained: sanctioned loves and outlawed loves, sincere loves and false loves, Christian loves, classical loves, humanist loves, and love as emotion. In showing how these loves motivate the most significant actions of the Paradise epics, it reveals Milton to have made creative use of the tensions between philosophical ideals, social conventions, and the rather messier ways in which love emerges in practice. Love, so central to Milton’s view of Edenic joy and obedience to God, unsettles earthly and heavenly communities and is the origin of Miltonic transgression. Milton’s Loves sheds new light on some of the most prominent concerns of Milton scholarship, including why Milton’s God is so difficult for readers to connect to, Satan’s apparent heroism, Milton’s radical theology, and the nature of Milton’s muse. It is a book that will appeal to students and scholars of Milton and early modern studies more broadly and is structured in a way that will aid easy reference. Rosamund Paice is Associate Lecturer in English Literature at Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Routledge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture Titles include: Cervantes and the Early Modern Mind Edited by Isabel Jaén and Julien Jacques Simon Literature and Historiography in the Spanish Golden Age The Poetics of History Sofie Kluge From Narcissism to Nihilism Self-Love and Self-Negation in Early Modern Literature Anthony Archdeacon Early Modern Women Writers Engendering Descent Mary Sidney Herbert, Mary Sidney Wroth, and their Genealogical Cultures Marie H. Loughlin Dante Alive Essays on a Cultural Icon Francesco Ciabattoni and Simone Marchesi Private Honour and Noble Masculine Image in Early Modern England Sir Robert Sidney and His Contemporaries Erika D’Souza Milton’s Loves From Amity to Caritas in the Paradise Epics Rosamund Paice To learn more about this series, please visit www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Studies-in-Renaissance-Literature-and-Culture/book-series/ SE0537. Milton’s Loves From Amity to Caritas in the Paradise Epics Rosamund Paice First published 2023 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Rosamund Paice The right of Rosamund Paice to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Paice, Rosamund, author. Title: Milton’s loves : from amity to caritas in the Paradise epics / Rosamund Paice. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Series: Routledge research in renaissance literature and culture | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022050701 (print) | LCCN 2022050702 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Milton, John, 1608–1674. Paradise lost. | Milton, John, 1608–1674. Paradise regained. | Love in literature. | LCGFT: Literary criticism. Classification: LCC PR3562 .P23 2023 (print) | LCC PR3562 (ebook) | DDC 821/.4—dc23/eng/20221212 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022050701 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022050702 ISBN: 978-1-032-39021-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-39028-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-34806-1 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003348061 Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 1 Critical Loves 2 2 The Loves of an Educated Man 5 3 Love and Emotion 7 4 Love and Conflict 9 5 An Unlikely Couple 11 6 ‘Milton’s Bogey’ 14 7 Milton’s Epic Loves 16 1 Lessons in Love: Raphael and Adam 27 1.1 Virtuous and Obedient Love 28 1.2 Loving Things 35 1.3 Ascending and Descending Ladders 38 1.4 ‘The Affable Arch-Angel’ 42 2 Falling in Love: Adam and Eve 56 2.1 The Terms of Marriage 58 2.2 Separation 62 2.3 The Theory and Practice of Love 69 3 Strange Love: God the Father 86 3.1 Fatherly Distance 87 3.2 Princely Companionship 94 3.3 Creating an Equal 99 3.4 ‘All in All’ 102 vi Contents 4 The Anti-Friend: Satan 114 4.1 False Friendship 114 4.2 Companions of Woe 125 4.3 The Temptation of Friendship 136 4.4 Satan’s Solitude 141 5 Suspended in Love: The Son 149 5.1 Between God and Humans 150 5.2 The Missing Body 163 5.3 ‘The Glorious Eremite’ 169 6 In the Name of Love: The Narrator and Muse 177 6.1 One or Two Voices 179 6.2 Visitations 184 6.3 Urania 191 6.4 Being Led 199 Conclusion 209 Index 212 Acknowledgements I started on this project while recovering from a head injury; I completed and revised Milton’s Loves following my redundancy in 2020, and it has become an important symbol for me of my recovery from both experi- ences. I would therefore like to thank, first of all, those who provided emergency care at Queen Alexandra Hospital, the various neurologists who assessed and advised thereafter, and two incredible GPs, Catherine Causer and Nick O’Donovan. For the camaraderie, and even laughter, during 2019/2020, I salute and celebrate my former colleagues at the University of Portsmouth: Christine Berberich, Maggie Bowers, Charlotte Boyce, Ben Davies, Benjamin Dew, Jessica Dyson, Páraic Finnerty, Mark Frost, Christopher Pittard, Bronwen Price, Elodie Rousselot, and Diane Warren. You made the bad times very much better than they could have been. The other person I could not have finished this without is Brycchan Carey, my husband, best friend, and all-round excellent person. I dedicate this book to all of you. I would like to register my gratitude, too, to the staff of the British Library, the National Library of Scotland, the Robinson Library (New- castle University), and the libraries of the Universities of Northumbria and Portsmouth. Your assistance, as well as your physical and electronic resources, has been invaluable, especially across the Covid lockdowns. Many other people have helped me over the course of this project, some by inviting me to give research talks, others by reading drafts, and others still by providing moral support or chatting about all or nothing whatsoever to do with this book. Thank you, Pascale Aebischer, Scott Alexander, Dave Andress, Janet Bryant, Kate Chedgzoy, Angie Crack, Ella Dzelzainis, Mike Esbester, Andrew Frayn, Rob Frith, Emmanuel Godin, Claudine van Hensbergen, Meiko O’Halloran, Becca Jiggens, Jennifer Jones, Simon Kövesi, Moray McAulay, Liz Moore, Alix Paice, Cas Paice, Christine Paice, Tony Paice, Jennifer Richards, Gillian Skinner, David Stewart, Natalya Vince, Leigh Wetherall-Dickson, Helen Williams, and Rachel Willie. viii Acknowledgements Finally, I would like to thank the editors of Early Modern Literary Studies for the permission to use and develop material from an essay published in a Special Issue of that journal in 2014 (‘Falling in Love and Language: Earthly Companionship and Spiritual Loss in Paradise Lost’) and the editors and readers at Routledge for their support and advice in bringing Milton’s Loves to press. Introduction Looking down on Eden, Milton’s God observes Adam and Eve ‘Reaping immortal fruits of joy and love, / Uninterrupted joy, unrivald love’ (PL 3.67–68).1 Soon, however, this emphatically joyful and loving couple will ‘hearken to [Satan’s] glozing lies, / And easily transgress’ (PL 3.93–94). We know the theological questions: why did a couple created ‘good’ (Gen- esis 1:3) transgress, and why did God permit evil to enter his creation to begin with? This book argues that Milton’s explanation is love, or rather loves, since the affections and interpersonal relations of his characters point to the multiple constructions of love found in classical and Christian traditions. For Milton, love was not simply a matter of preference or emo- tional need: loving appropriately was tied to philosophical constructions of virtue as well as a consciousness of humankind’s place in a God-created world. While Milton draws aspects of classical philosophy into a synthesis with Christian teachings (as did Saint Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and Desiderius Erasmus before him), his poetry exploits the uneasiness of that synthesis. Throughout the Paradise epics, Milton repeatedly complicates abstract understandings of love by making creative use of the tensions between philosophical ideals, social conventions, and the rather messier ways in which love emerges in practice. In the predicaments and actions of his epic lovers, he places those tensions at the heart of not only redemp- tion but also creation, temptation, and transgression. Milton has God himself pronounce on the relation between human love and susceptibility to transgression. Still looking down from heaven, he explains that he made humans and all other created beings ‘just and right, / Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall’ (PL 3.98–99), because ‘Not free, what proof could they have givn sincere / Of true allegiance, constant Faith or Love [?]’ (PL 3.103–104). The ability to choose (whether actions or lovers) is, in the Christian scheme, founded in God’s gift of free will, but with free will came the requirement to love God consciously, ratio- nally, and above all, voluntarily. What seems paradoxical—the imperative to love voluntarily—was fundamental to Milton’s beliefs. Love is central to the state in which Milton’s God creates and asks obedience of his creations; false shows of love are central to Milton’s DOI: 10.4324/9781003348061-1

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