Table Of Content

FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 3 3/29/10 5:07:35 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... A About the Authors u t h o r s Kenneth R. Miller grew up in Rahway, New Jersey, attended the local public schools, and graduated from Rahway High School in 1966. Miller attended Brown University on a scholarship and graduated with honors. He was awarded a National Defense Education Act fellowship for graduate study, and earned his Ph.D. in Biology at the University of Colorado. Miller is professor of Biology at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where he teaches courses in general biology and cell biology. Miller‘s research specialty is the structure of biological membranes. He has published more than 70 research papers in journals such as Cell, Nature, and Scientific American. He has also written the popular trade books Finding Darwin‘s God and Only a Theory. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Miller lives with his wife, Jody, on a small farm in Rehoboth, Massachusetts. He is the father of two daughters, one a wildlife biologist and the other a high-school history teacher. He swims competitively in the masters‘ swimming program and umpires high school and collegiate softball. Joseph S. Levine was born in Mount Vernon, New York, where he attended public schools. He earned a B.S. in Biology at Tufts University, a master‘s degree from the Boston University Marine Program, and a Ph.D. at Harvard University. His research has been published in scientific journals ranging from Science to Scientific American, and in several academic books. He has taught introductory biology, ecology, marine biology, neuro- biology, and coral reef biology at Boston College and in the Boston University Marine Program. He has also co-taught a field biology course for high-school teachers entitled “Rainforests and Reefs” at the Organization for Tropical Studies in Costa Rica. After receiving a Macy Fellowship in Science Broadcast Journalism at WGBH-TV, Levine dedicated himself to improv- ing public understanding of science. His popular scientific writ- ing has appeared in five trade books and in magazines such as Smithsonian, GEO, and Natural History. He has produced science features for National Public Radio and has designed exhibit programs for state aquarium projects in Texas, New Jersey, and Florida. Since 1987, Levine has served as scientific advi- sor at WGBH, where he worked on NOVA programs including Judgment Day, and on projects including the OMNI-MAX films Cocos: Island of Sharks and Coral Reef Adventure. He also served as science editor for the PBS series The Secret of Life and The Evolution Project. Levine and his family live in Concord, Massachusetts, a short distance from Thoreau‘s Walden Pond. FL 3 FL T3 Consultants/Reviewers Daniel M. Raben, Ph.D. ESL Lecturer Erica Everett, M.A.T., M.Ed. Professor Science Department Chair Department of Biological Nancy Vincent Montgomery, Manchester-Essex Regional High Grant Wiggins, chapter in the Student Edition Institute for Studies in Education Chemistry Ed.D. School Ed.D. is a co-author provides opportunities to link at the University of Toronto. His Johns Hopkins University Southern Methodist University Manchester, MA back to the Big Ideas. Since research focuses on literacy Baltimore, MD of the Understanding Dallas, TX Heather M. Gannon Understanding by Design is by development in multilingual by Design Handbook. A His approach to nature a teaching tool, additional schools and the role of technology Megan Rokop, Ph.D. High-School Reviewers Elisabeth Ann Johnson High D instructional design applications of this philosophy can in promoting language and Educational Outreach Program School Director Mt. Morris, MI RI provides teachers with a be found in the Teacher’s Edition. literacy development. Broad Institute of MIT and Christine Bill O disciplined way of thinking about The Association for Supervision of Harvard Sayreville War Memorial High Virginia Glasscock Program materials FL cateeunnarsdcur hiircniinunstglgur ufmurcon tmddioee nsrcis ogttvhanena, rtdai nsminsgeog scv.soemns etennt,t to CocoDsoowfue r-tsrneahirduegeir cnt t“ huh”oU,ol ifuhs rnt meawhddseeo Dn rbrtsorkyetat a vG adneanelrudodmatipn hniamstogr W rikebni nzy“ iengt UDd go(n,Aie nwdasSpsieagC rpyansDn rta oaHdf)vnfi, aredplendiiuagdn toibebgsrltd oi ebss orhwpyek eoid”rtn h - UCnALodansenstreeg5ssnutsata nfgaPLodnerarEoi dn nnd gg4auubcaltegio eSCAFnF ifODferLeD1ntCLiaaotenICnSdgtoeUMeumnnaEoCNtmtgtiG CifeavAuyGa Enn OEtadSiebcn CSajdoet cmeAst sIPeipssNvTErIrReVonEeN3Esvphiuedtnes itbFhrleoe nL2telossaodn fBreoesissroee lMonargticiylahl eil- nrpb c&raois nreLp-deov riantee CGFGoareromrmsabselmrdri do BPgni.eot S ,lC oMagonAylld e Iegnresstructor SPJCecaeahrnlnoitnro Ta,l l.N G(JCwainyne)e tBt Hooignhe School SCWRcauihletiinfhtotc irGeen rTli, aeeC iaHcAchhigeehrr School Pearson or its products. ciples using Dr. Julian, CA Lawrenceville, GA Biology Teacher Big Ideas are one Cummins’s Into/Through/Beyond Niles West High School of the core components of the Jim Cummins is structure. You will find ample Ronald Sass, Ph.D. Samuel J. Clifford, Ph.D. Skokie, IL Understanding by Design approach Professor and Canada support for ELL instruction in the Professor Emeritus Biology Teacher in Miller & Levine Biology. Big Research Chair in the Teacher’s Edition, Teacher’s ELL Rice University Round Rock High School Lance Goodlock Ideas, such as the Cellular Basis Curriculum, Teaching Handbook, Multilingual Glossary, Houston, TX Round Rock, TX Biology Teacher/Science of Life, establish a conceptual and Learning depart- and Spanish components offered Department Chairperson framework for the program. Each ment at the Ontario with this program. Linda Silveira, Ph.D. Jennifer Collins, M.A. Sturgis High School Professor South County Secondary School Sturgis, MI University of Redlands Lorton, VA W. Tony Heiting, Ph.D. Redlands, CA Content Reviewers Roy Connor, M.S. State Science Supervisor (retired) Richard K. Stucky, Ph.D. Science Department Head Iowa Department of Education Donna H. Duckworth, Ph.D. Charles F. Lytle, Ph.D. Lily Chen Curator of Paleontology and Muncie Central High School Panora, IA Professor Emeritus Professor of Zoology Associate Professor Evolution Muncie, IN Department of Biology College of Medicine North Carolina State University Patricia Anne Johnson, M.S. Denver Museum of Nature and San Francisco State University University of Florida Raleigh, NC Science Norm Dahm, Jr. Biology Teacher Gainesville, FL San Francisco, CA Martha Newsome, DDS Denver, CO Belleville East High School Ridgewood High School Belleville, IL Ridgewood, NJ Elizabeth Coolidge-Stolz, MD Alan Gishlick, Ph.D. Adjunct Instructor of Biology Robert Thornton, Ph.D. Medical/Life Science Writer/ Assistant Professor Cy-Fair College, Fairbanks Center Cora Nadine Dickson Judith Decherd Jones, M.A.T. Senior Lecturer Emeritus Editor Gustavus Adolphus College Houston, TX Science Department Chair NBCT AYA Science Department of Plant Biology St. Peter, MN North Reading, MA Jersey Village High School East Chapel Hill High School Jan A. Pechenik, Ph.D. College of Biological Sciences Elizabeth A. De Stasio, Ph.D. Deborah L. Gumucio, Ph.D. Professor of Biology University of California at Davis Cypress Fairbanks ISD Chapel Hill, NC Houston, TX Raymond H. Herzog Professor Tufts University Davis, CA Shellie Jones Professor of Science Department of Cell and Medford, MA Edward J. Zalisko, Ph.D. Dennis M. Dudley Science Teacher Developmental Biology Associate Professor of Biology Science Department Chair/ California High School University of Michigan Imara Y. Perera, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Lawrence University Teacher Whittier, CA Blackburn College Ann Arbor, MI Research Assistant, Professor Appleton, WI Shaler Area High School Carlinville, IL Department of Plant Biology Michelle Lauria, M.A.T. Janet Lanza, Ph.D. Pittsburgh, PA Jennifer C. Drew, Ph.D. North Carolina State University Biology Teacher Lecturer/Scientist Professor of Biology Raleigh, NC Mary K. Dulko Hopkinton High School University of Arkansas University of Florida Sharon High School Hopkinton, MA at Little Rock Kennedy Space Center, FL Sharon, MA Little Rock, AR FL T4 FL 6 FL 7 FL01_bio10_FM_TE.indd 4 FL01_Bio10_se_FM_0006 6 133//053/1/122 5 1:314:4 A8 MPM FL01_Bio10_se_FM_0007 7 3/5/12 5:34 AM Consultants/Reviewers Daniel M. Raben, Ph.D. ESL Lecturer Erica Everett, M.A.T., M.Ed. Professor Science Department Chair Department of Biological Nancy Vincent Montgomery, Manchester-Essex Regional High C o Grant Wiggins, chapter in the Student Edition Institute for Studies in Education Chemistry Ed.D. School n Ed.D. is a co-author provides opportunities to link at the University of Toronto. His Johns Hopkins University Southern Methodist University Manchester, MA su l back to the Big Ideas. Since research focuses on literacy Baltimore, MD t of the Understanding Dallas, TX a Understanding by Design is by development in multilingual Heather M. Gannon n by Design Handbook. t nature a teaching tool, additional schools and the role of technology Megan Rokop, Ph.D. Elisabeth Ann Johnson High s His approach to High-School Reviewers applications of this philosophy can in promoting language and Educational Outreach Program School instructional design Director Mt. Morris, MI be found in the Teacher’s Edition. literacy development. provides teachers with a Christine Bill Broad Institute of MIT and disciplined way of thinking about The Association for Supervision of Harvard Sayreville War Memorial High Virginia Glasscock Program materials cateeunnarsdcur hiircniinunstglgur ufmurcon tmddioee nsrcis ogttvhanena, rtdai nsminsgeog scv.soemns etennt,t to CocoDsoowfue r-tsrneahirduegeir cnt t“ huh”oU,ol ifuhs rnt meawhddseeo Dn rbrtsorkyetat a vG adneanelrudodmatipn hniamstogr W rikebni nzy“ iengt UDd go(n,Aie nwdasSpsieagC rpyansDn rta oaHdf)vnfi, aredplendiiuagdn toibebgsrltd oi ebss orhwpyek eoid”rtn h - UCnALodansenstreeg5ssnutsata nfgaPLodnerarEoi dn nnd gg4auubcaltegio eSCAFnF ifODferLeD1ntCLiaaotenICnSdgtoeUMeumnnaEoCNtmtgtiG CifeavAuyGa Enn OEtadSiebcn CSajdoet cmeAst sIPeipssNvTErIrReVonEeN3Esvphiuedtnes itbFhrleoe nL2telossaodn fBreoesissroee lMonargticiylahl eil- nrpb c&raois nreLp-deov riantee CGFGoareromrmsabselmrdri do BPgni.eot S ,lC oMagonAylld e Iegnresstructor SPJCecaeahrnlnoitnro Ta,l l.N G(JCwainyne)e tBt Hooignhe School SCWRcauihletiinfhtotc irGeen rTli, aeeC iaHcAchhigeehrr School Pearson or its products. ciples using Dr. Julian, CA Lawrenceville, GA Biology Teacher Big Ideas are one Cummins’s Into/Through/Beyond Niles West High School of the core components of the Jim Cummins is structure. You will find ample Ronald Sass, Ph.D. Samuel J. Clifford, Ph.D. Skokie, IL Understanding by Design approach Professor and Canada support for ELL instruction in the Professor Emeritus Biology Teacher in Miller & Levine Biology. Big Research Chair in the Teacher’s Edition, Teacher’s ELL Rice University Round Rock High School Lance Goodlock Ideas, such as the Cellular Basis Curriculum, Teaching Handbook, Multilingual Glossary, Houston, TX Round Rock, TX Biology Teacher/Science of Life, establish a conceptual and Learning depart- and Spanish components offered Department Chairperson framework for the program. Each ment at the Ontario with this program. Linda Silveira, Ph.D. Jennifer Collins, M.A. Sturgis High School Professor South County Secondary School Sturgis, MI University of Redlands Lorton, VA W. Tony Heiting, Ph.D. Redlands, CA Content Reviewers Roy Connor, M.S. State Science Supervisor (retired) Richard K. Stucky, Ph.D. Science Department Head Iowa Department of Education Donna H. Duckworth, Ph.D. Charles F. Lytle, Ph.D. Lily Chen Curator of Paleontology and Muncie Central High School Panora, IA Professor Emeritus Professor of Zoology Associate Professor Evolution Muncie, IN Department of Biology College of Medicine North Carolina State University Patricia Anne Johnson, M.S. Denver Museum of Nature and San Francisco State University University of Florida Raleigh, NC Science Norm Dahm, Jr. Biology Teacher Gainesville, FL San Francisco, CA Martha Newsome, DDS Denver, CO Belleville East High School Ridgewood High School Belleville, IL Ridgewood, NJ Elizabeth Coolidge-Stolz, MD Alan Gishlick, Ph.D. Adjunct Instructor of Biology Robert Thornton, Ph.D. Medical/Life Science Writer/ Assistant Professor Cy-Fair College, Fairbanks Center Cora Nadine Dickson Judith Decherd Jones, M.A.T. Senior Lecturer Emeritus Editor Gustavus Adolphus College Houston, TX Science Department Chair NBCT AYA Science Department of Plant Biology St. Peter, MN North Reading, MA Jersey Village High School East Chapel Hill High School Jan A. Pechenik, Ph.D. College of Biological Sciences Elizabeth A. De Stasio, Ph.D. Deborah L. Gumucio, Ph.D. Professor of Biology University of California at Davis Cypress Fairbanks ISD Chapel Hill, NC Houston, TX Raymond H. Herzog Professor Tufts University Davis, CA Shellie Jones Professor of Science Department of Cell and Medford, MA Edward J. Zalisko, Ph.D. Dennis M. Dudley Science Teacher Developmental Biology Associate Professor of Biology Science Department Chair/ California High School University of Michigan Imara Y. Perera, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Lawrence University Teacher Whittier, CA Blackburn College Ann Arbor, MI Research Assistant, Professor Appleton, WI Shaler Area High School Carlinville, IL Department of Plant Biology Michelle Lauria, M.A.T. Janet Lanza, Ph.D. Pittsburgh, PA Jennifer C. Drew, Ph.D. North Carolina State University Biology Teacher Lecturer/Scientist Professor of Biology Raleigh, NC Mary K. Dulko Hopkinton High School University of Arkansas University of Florida Sharon High School Hopkinton, MA at Little Rock Kennedy Space Center, FL Sharon, MA Little Rock, AR FL 6 FL 7 FL T5 FL01_Bio10_se_FM_0006 6 3/5/12 5:34 AM FFLL0011__bBioio1100__FsMe__FTME._in0d0d0 7 5 7 3/5/12 5:34 AM 13/03/12 11:49 PM FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 8 3/29/10 5:08:34 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 9 3/29/10 5:08:42 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... Consultants (continued) Kimberly Lewis Mark L. Mettert, M.S. Ed. Nancy Richey Science Department Chair Science Department Chair Educator Ecosystems of Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FL 21 Wellston High School New Haven High School Longmont, CO Next Generation Sunshine State Standards for Biology I . . . . . . . . . . FL 25 Wellston, OH New Haven, IN Linda Roberson A Lenora Lewis Jane Parker The Nature of Life 1–60 Department Chairman D Teacher Lewisville High School North Jenks Freshman Academy RI Creekview High School Lewisville, TX Jenks, OK 1 The Science of Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Canton, GA O Ian Pearce Sharon D. Spencer What role does science play in the study of life? FL JoAnn Lindell-Overton, Educator Assistant Principal 1.1 What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 M.Ed. Austin, TX Bronx Center for Science and 1.2 Science in Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Supervisor of Secondary Science Math 1.3 Studying Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Chesapeake Public Schools Jim Peters Bronx, NY Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chesapeake, VA Science Resource Teacher Carroll County Public Schools Stephen David Wright, M.S. 2 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Lender Luse Westminster, MD Biology Teacher What are the basic chemical principles that affect living things? H.W. Byers High School Montgomery County Public Holly Springs, MS Michelle Phillips, M.A.T. Schools 2.1 The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Secondary Science: Education Columbia, MD 2.2 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Molly J. Markey, Ph.D. Science Teacher 2.3 Carbon Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Alan W. Zimroth, M.S. Science Teacher Jordan High School 2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Newton Country Day School of Durham, NC Science Teacher/Department Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 the Sacred Heart Chairperson Newton, MA Randy E. Phillips Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School Unit 1 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Science Teacher/Department Hialeah, FL Rebecca McLelland-Crawley Chair Biological Sciences Teacher Green Bay East High School Piscataway, NJ Green Bay, WI Ecology 61–186 3 The Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 How do living and nonliving parts of the Earth interact and National Museum of Naval Aviation affect the survival of organisms? Pensacola, Florida 3.1 What Is Ecology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 3.4 Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 4 Ecosystems and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 How do abiotic and biotic factors shape ecosystems? 4.1 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 4.3 Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 4.4 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 FL T6 FL 8 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. FL 9 FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 8 3/29/10 5:08:34 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... Consultants (continued) Kimberly Lewis Mark L. Mettert, M.S. Ed. Nancy Richey Science Department Chair Science Department Chair Educator Ecosystems of Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FL 21 Wellston High School New Haven High School Longmont, CO Next Generation Sunshine State Standards for Biology I . . . . . . . . . . FL 25 Wellston, OH New Haven, IN C Linda Roberson Lenora Lewis Jane Parker The Nature of Life 1–60 on Department Chairman t e Teacher Lewisville High School North Jenks Freshman Academy n Creekview High School Lewisville, TX Jenks, OK 1 The Science of Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ts Canton, GA Ian Pearce Sharon D. Spencer What role does science play in the study of life? JoAnn Lindell-Overton, Educator Assistant Principal 1.1 What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 M.Ed. Austin, TX Bronx Center for Science and 1.2 Science in Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Supervisor of Secondary Science Math 1.3 Studying Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Chesapeake Public Schools Jim Peters Bronx, NY Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chesapeake, VA Science Resource Teacher Carroll County Public Schools Stephen David Wright, M.S. 2 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Lender Luse Westminster, MD Biology Teacher What are the basic chemical principles that affect living things? H.W. Byers High School Montgomery County Public Holly Springs, MS Michelle Phillips, M.A.T. Schools 2.1 The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Secondary Science: Education Columbia, MD 2.2 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Molly J. Markey, Ph.D. Science Teacher 2.3 Carbon Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Alan W. Zimroth, M.S. Science Teacher Jordan High School 2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Newton Country Day School of Durham, NC Science Teacher/Department Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 the Sacred Heart Chairperson Newton, MA Randy E. Phillips Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School Unit 1 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Science Teacher/Department Hialeah, FL Rebecca McLelland-Crawley Chair Biological Sciences Teacher Green Bay East High School Piscataway, NJ Green Bay, WI Ecology 61–186 3 The Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 How do living and nonliving parts of the Earth interact and National Museum of Naval Aviation affect the survival of organisms? Pensacola, Florida 3.1 What Is Ecology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 3.4 Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 4 Ecosystems and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 How do abiotic and biotic factors shape ecosystems? 4.1 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 4.3 Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 4.4 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 FL 8 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. FL 9 FL T7 FFLL0011__bBioio1100__FsMe__TFEM._in0d0d0 9 7 9 3/5/12 5:35 AM 13/03/12 11:52 PM FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 10 3/29/10 5:08:49 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 11 3/29/10 5:08:54 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... 5 Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 10 Cell Growth and Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 What factors contribute to changes in populations? How does a cell produce a new cell? 5.1 How Populations Grow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 10.1 Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 5.2 Limits to Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 10.2 The Process of Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 5.3 Human Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 10.3 Regulating the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 10.4 Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 A D 6 Humans in the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 I How have human activities shaped local and global ecology? Unit 3 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 R O 6.1 A Changing Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 L 6.2 Using Resources Wisely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 F 6.3 Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 6.4 Meeting Ecological Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 Genetics 305–446 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 11 Introduction to Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Unit 2 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 How does cellular information pass from one generation to another? 11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Cells 187–304 11.4 Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 7 Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 How are cell structures adapted to their functions? 12 DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 7.1 Life Is Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in 7.2 Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 genetic inheritance? 7.3 Cell Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 7.4 Homeostasis and Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 12.2 The Structure of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 12.3 DNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 8 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 How do plants and other organisms capture energy from the sun? 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 8.1 Energy and Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 How does information flow from the cell nucleus to direct 8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm? 8.3 The Process of Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 13.1 RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 13.3 Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 How do organisms obtain energy? Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 9.1 Cellular Respiration: An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 9.2 The Process of Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 14 Human Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 9.3 Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 How can we use genetics to study human inheritance? Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 14.1 Human Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 14.2 Human Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 14.3 Studying the Human Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 FL T8 FL 10 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. FL 11 FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 11 3/29/10 5:08:54 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... 10 Cell Growth and Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 How does a cell produce a new cell? 10.1 Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 10.2 The Process of Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 10.3 Regulating the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 10.4 Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 C Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 o n t e n Unit 3 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 t s Genetics 305–446 11 Introduction to Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 How does cellular information pass from one generation to another? 11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 11.4 Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 12 DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in genetic inheritance? 12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 12.2 The Structure of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 12.3 DNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 How does information flow from the cell nucleus to direct the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm? 13.1 RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 13.3 Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 14 Human Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 How can we use genetics to study human inheritance? 14.1 Human Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 14.2 Human Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 14.3 Studying the Human Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. FL 11 FL T9 FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 12 3/31/10 1:46:00 AM pawan /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Teacher_Edition/0-13-361465-4_... 15 Genetic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 How and why do scientists manipulate DNA in living cells? 15.1 Selective Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418 15.2 Recombinant DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421 15.3 Applications of Genetic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428 15.4 Ethics and Impacts of Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445 A D Unit 4 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 I R O L F Evolution 447–570 16 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 What is natural selection? 16.1 Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 16.2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454 16.3 Darwin Presents His Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 16.4 Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 17 Evolution of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 How can populations evolve to form new species? 17.1 Genes and Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482 17.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 17.3 The Process of Speciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494 17.4 Molecular Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 18 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 What is the goal of biologists who classify living things? 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516 18.3 Building the Tree of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535 19 History of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 How do fossils help biologists understand the history of life on Earth? 19.1 The Fossil Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 19.2 Patterns and Processes of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546 19.3 Earth’s Early History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 Unit 5 Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 FL T10 FL 12 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. From Microorganisms to Plants 571–726 20 Viruses and Prokaryotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Are all microbes that make us sick made of living cells? C . 20 .1. Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574 o n . 20 .2. Prokaryotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580 t e . 20 .3. Diseases.Caused.by.Bacteria.and.Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586 n t s . . Florida.Benchmark.Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599 21 Protists and Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 How do protists and fungi affect the homeostasis of other organisms and ecosystems? . 21 .1. Protist.Classification—The.Saga.Continues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602 . 21 .2. Protist.Structure.and.Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606 . 21 .3. The.Ecology.of.Protists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610 . 21 .4. Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618 . . Florida.Benchmark.Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631 22 Introduction to Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 What are the five main groups of plants, and how have four of these groups adapted to life on land? . 22 .1. What.Is.a.Plant?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634 . 22 .2. Seedless.Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639 . 22 .3. Seed.Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646 . 22 .4. Flowering.Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650 . . Florida.Benchmark.Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .661 23 Plant Structure and Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 How are cells, tissues, and organs organized into systems that carry out the basic functions of a seed plant? 23 .1. Specialized.Tissues.in.Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664 . 23 .2. Roots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .669 . 23 .3. Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674 . 23 .4. Leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680 . 23 .5. Transport.in.Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685 . . Florida.Benchmark.Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693 FL 13 FL T11 FFLL0011__bBioio1100__FsMe__TFEM._in0d0d1 3 1 113 3/5/12 5:36 AM 13/03/12 11:53 PM FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 14 3/29/10 5:09:09 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 15 3/29/10 5:09:16 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... 24 Plant Reproduction and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 How do changes in the environment affect the reproduction, development, and growth of plants? 24.1 Reproduction in Flowering Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696 24.2 Fruits and Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704 24.3 Plant Hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .708 24.4 Plants and Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .715 A Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .725 D I R Unit 6 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 O L F Animals 727–858 25 Introduction to Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 29 Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 What characteristics and traits define animals? How do animals interact with one another and their environments? 25.1 What Is an Animal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730 29.1 Elements of Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840 25.2 Animal Body Plans and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .737 29.2 Animals in Their Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857 26 Animal Evolution and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Unit 7 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 How have animals descended from earlier forms through the process of evolution? 26.1 Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752 26.2 Chordate Evolution and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757 The Human Body 8 59–1034 26.3 Primate Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .765 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779 30 Digestive and Excretory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 How are the materials that go into your body and the materials 27 Animal Systems I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 that come from your body related to homeostasis? How do the structures of animals allow them to obtain essential 30.1 Organization of the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862 materials and eliminate wastes? 30.2 Food and Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868 27.1 Feeding and Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .782 30.3 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875 27.2 Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 30.4 The Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .882 27.3 Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .791 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893 27.4 Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805 31 Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 How does the structure of the nervous system allow it to control 28 Animal Systems II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 functions in every part of the body? How do the body systems of animals allow them to collect 31.1 The Neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .896 information about their environments and respond appropriately? 31.2 The Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901 28.1 Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .808 31.3 The Peripheral Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906 28.2 Movement and Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .814 31.4 The Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .909 28.3 Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .919 28.4 Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .827 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .837 FL T12 FL 14 • Go Digital. 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Miller & Levine biology - Florida Teacher's Edition (part 1 of 2) PDF

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FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 3 3/29/10 5:07:35 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... A About the Authors u t h o r s Kenneth R. Miller grew up in Rahway, New Jersey, attended the local public schools, and graduated from Rahway High School in 1966. Miller attended Brown University on a scholarship and graduated with honors. He was awarded a National Defense Education Act fellowship for graduate study, and earned his Ph.D. in Biology at the University of Colorado. Miller is professor of Biology at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where he teaches courses in general biology and cell biology. Miller‘s research specialty is the structure of biological membranes. He has published more than 70 research papers in journals such as Cell, Nature, and Scientific American. He has also written the popular trade books Finding Darwin‘s God and Only a Theory. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Miller lives with his wife, Jody, on a small farm in Rehoboth, Massachusetts. He is the father of two daughters, one a wildlife biologist and the other a high-school history teacher. He swims competitively in the masters‘ swimming program and umpires high school and collegiate softball. Joseph S. Levine was born in Mount Vernon, New York, where he attended public schools. He earned a B.S. in Biology at Tufts University, a master‘s degree from the Boston University Marine Program, and a Ph.D. at Harvard University. His research has been published in scientific journals ranging from Science to Scientific American, and in several academic books. He has taught introductory biology, ecology, marine biology, neuro- biology, and coral reef biology at Boston College and in the Boston University Marine Program. He has also co-taught a field biology course for high-school teachers entitled “Rainforests and Reefs” at the Organization for Tropical Studies in Costa Rica. After receiving a Macy Fellowship in Science Broadcast Journalism at WGBH-TV, Levine dedicated himself to improv- ing public understanding of science. His popular scientific writ- ing has appeared in five trade books and in magazines such as Smithsonian, GEO, and Natural History. He has produced science features for National Public Radio and has designed exhibit programs for state aquarium projects in Texas, New Jersey, and Florida. Since 1987, Levine has served as scientific advi- sor at WGBH, where he worked on NOVA programs including Judgment Day, and on projects including the OMNI-MAX films Cocos: Island of Sharks and Coral Reef Adventure. He also served as science editor for the PBS series The Secret of Life and The Evolution Project. Levine and his family live in Concord, Massachusetts, a short distance from Thoreau‘s Walden Pond. FL 3 FL T3 Consultants/Reviewers Daniel M. Raben, Ph.D. ESL Lecturer Erica Everett, M.A.T., M.Ed. Professor Science Department Chair Department of Biological Nancy Vincent Montgomery, Manchester-Essex Regional High Grant Wiggins, chapter in the Student Edition Institute for Studies in Education Chemistry Ed.D. School Ed.D. is a co-author provides opportunities to link at the University of Toronto. His Johns Hopkins University Southern Methodist University Manchester, MA back to the Big Ideas. Since research focuses on literacy Baltimore, MD of the Understanding Dallas, TX Heather M. Gannon Understanding by Design is by development in multilingual by Design Handbook. A His approach to nature a teaching tool, additional schools and the role of technology Megan Rokop, Ph.D. High-School Reviewers Elisabeth Ann Johnson High D instructional design applications of this philosophy can in promoting language and Educational Outreach Program School Director Mt. Morris, MI RI provides teachers with a be found in the Teacher’s Edition. literacy development. Broad Institute of MIT and Christine Bill O disciplined way of thinking about The Association for Supervision of Harvard Sayreville War Memorial High Virginia Glasscock Program materials FL cateeunnarsdcur hiircniinunstglgur ufmurcon tmddioee nsrcis ogttvhanena, rtdai nsminsgeog scv.soemns etennt,t to CocoDsoowfue r-tsrneahirduegeir cnt t“ huh”oU,ol ifuhs rnt meawhddseeo Dn rbrtsorkyetat a vG adneanelrudodmatipn hniamstogr W rikebni nzy“ iengt UDd go(n,Aie nwdasSpsieagC rpyansDn rta oaHdf)vnfi, aredplendiiuagdn toibebgsrltd oi ebss orhwpyek eoid”rtn h - UCnALodansenstreeg5ssnutsata nfgaPLodnerarEoi dn nnd gg4auubcaltegio eSCAFnF ifODferLeD1ntCLiaaotenICnSdgtoeUMeumnnaEoCNtmtgtiG CifeavAuyGa Enn OEtadSiebcn CSajdoet cmeAst sIPeipssNvTErIrReVonEeN3Esvphiuedtnes itbFhrleoe nL2telossaodn fBreoesissroee lMonargticiylahl eil- nrpb c&raois nreLp-deov riantee CGFGoareromrmsabselmrdri do BPgni.eot S ,lC oMagonAylld e Iegnresstructor SPJCecaeahrnlnoitnro Ta,l l.N G(JCwainyne)e tBt Hooignhe School SCWRcauihletiinfhtotc irGeen rTli, aeeC iaHcAchhigeehrr School Pearson or its products. ciples using Dr. Julian, CA Lawrenceville, GA Biology Teacher Big Ideas are one Cummins’s Into/Through/Beyond Niles West High School of the core components of the Jim Cummins is structure. You will find ample Ronald Sass, Ph.D. Samuel J. Clifford, Ph.D. Skokie, IL Understanding by Design approach Professor and Canada support for ELL instruction in the Professor Emeritus Biology Teacher in Miller & Levine Biology. Big Research Chair in the Teacher’s Edition, Teacher’s ELL Rice University Round Rock High School Lance Goodlock Ideas, such as the Cellular Basis Curriculum, Teaching Handbook, Multilingual Glossary, Houston, TX Round Rock, TX Biology Teacher/Science of Life, establish a conceptual and Learning depart- and Spanish components offered Department Chairperson framework for the program. Each ment at the Ontario with this program. Linda Silveira, Ph.D. Jennifer Collins, M.A. Sturgis High School Professor South County Secondary School Sturgis, MI University of Redlands Lorton, VA W. Tony Heiting, Ph.D. Redlands, CA Content Reviewers Roy Connor, M.S. State Science Supervisor (retired) Richard K. Stucky, Ph.D. Science Department Head Iowa Department of Education Donna H. Duckworth, Ph.D. Charles F. Lytle, Ph.D. Lily Chen Curator of Paleontology and Muncie Central High School Panora, IA Professor Emeritus Professor of Zoology Associate Professor Evolution Muncie, IN Department of Biology College of Medicine North Carolina State University Patricia Anne Johnson, M.S. Denver Museum of Nature and San Francisco State University University of Florida Raleigh, NC Science Norm Dahm, Jr. Biology Teacher Gainesville, FL San Francisco, CA Martha Newsome, DDS Denver, CO Belleville East High School Ridgewood High School Belleville, IL Ridgewood, NJ Elizabeth Coolidge-Stolz, MD Alan Gishlick, Ph.D. Adjunct Instructor of Biology Robert Thornton, Ph.D. Medical/Life Science Writer/ Assistant Professor Cy-Fair College, Fairbanks Center Cora Nadine Dickson Judith Decherd Jones, M.A.T. Senior Lecturer Emeritus Editor Gustavus Adolphus College Houston, TX Science Department Chair NBCT AYA Science Department of Plant Biology St. Peter, MN North Reading, MA Jersey Village High School East Chapel Hill High School Jan A. Pechenik, Ph.D. College of Biological Sciences Elizabeth A. De Stasio, Ph.D. Deborah L. Gumucio, Ph.D. Professor of Biology University of California at Davis Cypress Fairbanks ISD Chapel Hill, NC Houston, TX Raymond H. Herzog Professor Tufts University Davis, CA Shellie Jones Professor of Science Department of Cell and Medford, MA Edward J. Zalisko, Ph.D. Dennis M. Dudley Science Teacher Developmental Biology Associate Professor of Biology Science Department Chair/ California High School University of Michigan Imara Y. Perera, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Lawrence University Teacher Whittier, CA Blackburn College Ann Arbor, MI Research Assistant, Professor Appleton, WI Shaler Area High School Carlinville, IL Department of Plant Biology Michelle Lauria, M.A.T. Janet Lanza, Ph.D. Pittsburgh, PA Jennifer C. Drew, Ph.D. North Carolina State University Biology Teacher Lecturer/Scientist Professor of Biology Raleigh, NC Mary K. Dulko Hopkinton High School University of Arkansas University of Florida Sharon High School Hopkinton, MA at Little Rock Kennedy Space Center, FL Sharon, MA Little Rock, AR FL T4 FL 6 FL 7 FL01_bio10_FM_TE.indd 4 FL01_Bio10_se_FM_0006 6 133//053/1/122 5 1:314:4 A8 MPM FL01_Bio10_se_FM_0007 7 3/5/12 5:34 AM Consultants/Reviewers Daniel M. Raben, Ph.D. ESL Lecturer Erica Everett, M.A.T., M.Ed. Professor Science Department Chair Department of Biological Nancy Vincent Montgomery, Manchester-Essex Regional High C o Grant Wiggins, chapter in the Student Edition Institute for Studies in Education Chemistry Ed.D. School n Ed.D. is a co-author provides opportunities to link at the University of Toronto. His Johns Hopkins University Southern Methodist University Manchester, MA su l back to the Big Ideas. Since research focuses on literacy Baltimore, MD t of the Understanding Dallas, TX a Understanding by Design is by development in multilingual Heather M. Gannon n by Design Handbook. t nature a teaching tool, additional schools and the role of technology Megan Rokop, Ph.D. Elisabeth Ann Johnson High s His approach to High-School Reviewers applications of this philosophy can in promoting language and Educational Outreach Program School instructional design Director Mt. Morris, MI be found in the Teacher’s Edition. literacy development. provides teachers with a Christine Bill Broad Institute of MIT and disciplined way of thinking about The Association for Supervision of Harvard Sayreville War Memorial High Virginia Glasscock Program materials cateeunnarsdcur hiircniinunstglgur ufmurcon tmddioee nsrcis ogttvhanena, rtdai nsminsgeog scv.soemns etennt,t to CocoDsoowfue r-tsrneahirduegeir cnt t“ huh”oU,ol ifuhs rnt meawhddseeo Dn rbrtsorkyetat a vG adneanelrudodmatipn hniamstogr W rikebni nzy“ iengt UDd go(n,Aie nwdasSpsieagC rpyansDn rta oaHdf)vnfi, aredplendiiuagdn toibebgsrltd oi ebss orhwpyek eoid”rtn h - UCnALodansenstreeg5ssnutsata nfgaPLodnerarEoi dn nnd gg4auubcaltegio eSCAFnF ifODferLeD1ntCLiaaotenICnSdgtoeUMeumnnaEoCNtmtgtiG CifeavAuyGa Enn OEtadSiebcn CSajdoet cmeAst sIPeipssNvTErIrReVonEeN3Esvphiuedtnes itbFhrleoe nL2telossaodn fBreoesissroee lMonargticiylahl eil- nrpb c&raois nreLp-deov riantee CGFGoareromrmsabselmrdri do BPgni.eot S ,lC oMagonAylld e Iegnresstructor SPJCecaeahrnlnoitnro Ta,l l.N G(JCwainyne)e tBt Hooignhe School SCWRcauihletiinfhtotc irGeen rTli, aeeC iaHcAchhigeehrr School Pearson or its products. ciples using Dr. Julian, CA Lawrenceville, GA Biology Teacher Big Ideas are one Cummins’s Into/Through/Beyond Niles West High School of the core components of the Jim Cummins is structure. You will find ample Ronald Sass, Ph.D. Samuel J. Clifford, Ph.D. Skokie, IL Understanding by Design approach Professor and Canada support for ELL instruction in the Professor Emeritus Biology Teacher in Miller & Levine Biology. Big Research Chair in the Teacher’s Edition, Teacher’s ELL Rice University Round Rock High School Lance Goodlock Ideas, such as the Cellular Basis Curriculum, Teaching Handbook, Multilingual Glossary, Houston, TX Round Rock, TX Biology Teacher/Science of Life, establish a conceptual and Learning depart- and Spanish components offered Department Chairperson framework for the program. Each ment at the Ontario with this program. Linda Silveira, Ph.D. Jennifer Collins, M.A. Sturgis High School Professor South County Secondary School Sturgis, MI University of Redlands Lorton, VA W. Tony Heiting, Ph.D. Redlands, CA Content Reviewers Roy Connor, M.S. State Science Supervisor (retired) Richard K. Stucky, Ph.D. Science Department Head Iowa Department of Education Donna H. Duckworth, Ph.D. Charles F. Lytle, Ph.D. Lily Chen Curator of Paleontology and Muncie Central High School Panora, IA Professor Emeritus Professor of Zoology Associate Professor Evolution Muncie, IN Department of Biology College of Medicine North Carolina State University Patricia Anne Johnson, M.S. Denver Museum of Nature and San Francisco State University University of Florida Raleigh, NC Science Norm Dahm, Jr. Biology Teacher Gainesville, FL San Francisco, CA Martha Newsome, DDS Denver, CO Belleville East High School Ridgewood High School Belleville, IL Ridgewood, NJ Elizabeth Coolidge-Stolz, MD Alan Gishlick, Ph.D. Adjunct Instructor of Biology Robert Thornton, Ph.D. Medical/Life Science Writer/ Assistant Professor Cy-Fair College, Fairbanks Center Cora Nadine Dickson Judith Decherd Jones, M.A.T. Senior Lecturer Emeritus Editor Gustavus Adolphus College Houston, TX Science Department Chair NBCT AYA Science Department of Plant Biology St. Peter, MN North Reading, MA Jersey Village High School East Chapel Hill High School Jan A. Pechenik, Ph.D. College of Biological Sciences Elizabeth A. De Stasio, Ph.D. Deborah L. Gumucio, Ph.D. Professor of Biology University of California at Davis Cypress Fairbanks ISD Chapel Hill, NC Houston, TX Raymond H. Herzog Professor Tufts University Davis, CA Shellie Jones Professor of Science Department of Cell and Medford, MA Edward J. Zalisko, Ph.D. Dennis M. Dudley Science Teacher Developmental Biology Associate Professor of Biology Science Department Chair/ California High School University of Michigan Imara Y. Perera, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Lawrence University Teacher Whittier, CA Blackburn College Ann Arbor, MI Research Assistant, Professor Appleton, WI Shaler Area High School Carlinville, IL Department of Plant Biology Michelle Lauria, M.A.T. Janet Lanza, Ph.D. Pittsburgh, PA Jennifer C. Drew, Ph.D. North Carolina State University Biology Teacher Lecturer/Scientist Professor of Biology Raleigh, NC Mary K. Dulko Hopkinton High School University of Arkansas University of Florida Sharon High School Hopkinton, MA at Little Rock Kennedy Space Center, FL Sharon, MA Little Rock, AR FL 6 FL 7 FL T5 FL01_Bio10_se_FM_0006 6 3/5/12 5:34 AM FFLL0011__bBioio1100__FsMe__FTME._in0d0d0 7 5 7 3/5/12 5:34 AM 13/03/12 11:49 PM FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 8 3/29/10 5:08:34 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 9 3/29/10 5:08:42 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... Consultants (continued) Kimberly Lewis Mark L. Mettert, M.S. Ed. Nancy Richey Science Department Chair Science Department Chair Educator Ecosystems of Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FL 21 Wellston High School New Haven High School Longmont, CO Next Generation Sunshine State Standards for Biology I . . . . . . . . . . FL 25 Wellston, OH New Haven, IN Linda Roberson A Lenora Lewis Jane Parker The Nature of Life 1–60 Department Chairman D Teacher Lewisville High School North Jenks Freshman Academy RI Creekview High School Lewisville, TX Jenks, OK 1 The Science of Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Canton, GA O Ian Pearce Sharon D. Spencer What role does science play in the study of life? FL JoAnn Lindell-Overton, Educator Assistant Principal 1.1 What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 M.Ed. Austin, TX Bronx Center for Science and 1.2 Science in Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Supervisor of Secondary Science Math 1.3 Studying Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Chesapeake Public Schools Jim Peters Bronx, NY Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chesapeake, VA Science Resource Teacher Carroll County Public Schools Stephen David Wright, M.S. 2 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Lender Luse Westminster, MD Biology Teacher What are the basic chemical principles that affect living things? H.W. Byers High School Montgomery County Public Holly Springs, MS Michelle Phillips, M.A.T. Schools 2.1 The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Secondary Science: Education Columbia, MD 2.2 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Molly J. Markey, Ph.D. Science Teacher 2.3 Carbon Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Alan W. Zimroth, M.S. Science Teacher Jordan High School 2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Newton Country Day School of Durham, NC Science Teacher/Department Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 the Sacred Heart Chairperson Newton, MA Randy E. Phillips Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School Unit 1 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Science Teacher/Department Hialeah, FL Rebecca McLelland-Crawley Chair Biological Sciences Teacher Green Bay East High School Piscataway, NJ Green Bay, WI Ecology 61–186 3 The Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 How do living and nonliving parts of the Earth interact and National Museum of Naval Aviation affect the survival of organisms? Pensacola, Florida 3.1 What Is Ecology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 3.4 Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 4 Ecosystems and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 How do abiotic and biotic factors shape ecosystems? 4.1 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 4.3 Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 4.4 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 FL T6 FL 8 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. FL 9 FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 8 3/29/10 5:08:34 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... Consultants (continued) Kimberly Lewis Mark L. Mettert, M.S. Ed. Nancy Richey Science Department Chair Science Department Chair Educator Ecosystems of Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FL 21 Wellston High School New Haven High School Longmont, CO Next Generation Sunshine State Standards for Biology I . . . . . . . . . . FL 25 Wellston, OH New Haven, IN C Linda Roberson Lenora Lewis Jane Parker The Nature of Life 1–60 on Department Chairman t e Teacher Lewisville High School North Jenks Freshman Academy n Creekview High School Lewisville, TX Jenks, OK 1 The Science of Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ts Canton, GA Ian Pearce Sharon D. Spencer What role does science play in the study of life? JoAnn Lindell-Overton, Educator Assistant Principal 1.1 What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 M.Ed. Austin, TX Bronx Center for Science and 1.2 Science in Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Supervisor of Secondary Science Math 1.3 Studying Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Chesapeake Public Schools Jim Peters Bronx, NY Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chesapeake, VA Science Resource Teacher Carroll County Public Schools Stephen David Wright, M.S. 2 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Lender Luse Westminster, MD Biology Teacher What are the basic chemical principles that affect living things? H.W. Byers High School Montgomery County Public Holly Springs, MS Michelle Phillips, M.A.T. Schools 2.1 The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Secondary Science: Education Columbia, MD 2.2 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Molly J. Markey, Ph.D. Science Teacher 2.3 Carbon Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Alan W. Zimroth, M.S. Science Teacher Jordan High School 2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Newton Country Day School of Durham, NC Science Teacher/Department Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 the Sacred Heart Chairperson Newton, MA Randy E. Phillips Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School Unit 1 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Science Teacher/Department Hialeah, FL Rebecca McLelland-Crawley Chair Biological Sciences Teacher Green Bay East High School Piscataway, NJ Green Bay, WI Ecology 61–186 3 The Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 How do living and nonliving parts of the Earth interact and National Museum of Naval Aviation affect the survival of organisms? Pensacola, Florida 3.1 What Is Ecology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 3.4 Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 4 Ecosystems and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 How do abiotic and biotic factors shape ecosystems? 4.1 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 4.3 Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 4.4 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 FL 8 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. FL 9 FL T7 FFLL0011__bBioio1100__FsMe__TFEM._in0d0d0 9 7 9 3/5/12 5:35 AM 13/03/12 11:52 PM FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 10 3/29/10 5:08:49 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 11 3/29/10 5:08:54 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... 5 Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 10 Cell Growth and Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 What factors contribute to changes in populations? How does a cell produce a new cell? 5.1 How Populations Grow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 10.1 Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 5.2 Limits to Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 10.2 The Process of Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 5.3 Human Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 10.3 Regulating the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 10.4 Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 A D 6 Humans in the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 I How have human activities shaped local and global ecology? Unit 3 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 R O 6.1 A Changing Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 L 6.2 Using Resources Wisely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 F 6.3 Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 6.4 Meeting Ecological Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 Genetics 305–446 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 11 Introduction to Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Unit 2 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 How does cellular information pass from one generation to another? 11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Cells 187–304 11.4 Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 7 Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 How are cell structures adapted to their functions? 12 DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 7.1 Life Is Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in 7.2 Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 genetic inheritance? 7.3 Cell Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 7.4 Homeostasis and Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 12.2 The Structure of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 12.3 DNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 8 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 How do plants and other organisms capture energy from the sun? 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 8.1 Energy and Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 How does information flow from the cell nucleus to direct 8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm? 8.3 The Process of Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 13.1 RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 13.3 Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 How do organisms obtain energy? Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 9.1 Cellular Respiration: An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 9.2 The Process of Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 14 Human Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 9.3 Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 How can we use genetics to study human inheritance? Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 14.1 Human Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 14.2 Human Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 14.3 Studying the Human Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 FL T8 FL 10 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. FL 11 FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 11 3/29/10 5:08:54 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... 10 Cell Growth and Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 How does a cell produce a new cell? 10.1 Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 10.2 The Process of Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 10.3 Regulating the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 10.4 Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 C Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 o n t e n Unit 3 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 t s Genetics 305–446 11 Introduction to Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 How does cellular information pass from one generation to another? 11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 11.4 Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 12 DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in genetic inheritance? 12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 12.2 The Structure of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 12.3 DNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 How does information flow from the cell nucleus to direct the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm? 13.1 RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 13.3 Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 14 Human Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 How can we use genetics to study human inheritance? 14.1 Human Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 14.2 Human Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 14.3 Studying the Human Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. FL 11 FL T9 FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 12 3/31/10 1:46:00 AM pawan /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Teacher_Edition/0-13-361465-4_... 15 Genetic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 How and why do scientists manipulate DNA in living cells? 15.1 Selective Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418 15.2 Recombinant DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421 15.3 Applications of Genetic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428 15.4 Ethics and Impacts of Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445 A D Unit 4 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 I R O L F Evolution 447–570 16 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 What is natural selection? 16.1 Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 16.2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454 16.3 Darwin Presents His Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 16.4 Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 17 Evolution of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 How can populations evolve to form new species? 17.1 Genes and Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482 17.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 17.3 The Process of Speciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494 17.4 Molecular Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 18 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 What is the goal of biologists who classify living things? 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516 18.3 Building the Tree of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535 19 History of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 How do fossils help biologists understand the history of life on Earth? 19.1 The Fossil Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 19.2 Patterns and Processes of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546 19.3 Earth’s Early History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 Unit 5 Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 FL T10 FL 12 • Go Digital. See what awaits you at Biology.com. From Microorganisms to Plants 571–726 20 Viruses and Prokaryotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Are all microbes that make us sick made of living cells? C . 20 .1. Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574 o n . 20 .2. Prokaryotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580 t e . 20 .3. Diseases.Caused.by.Bacteria.and.Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586 n t s . . Florida.Benchmark.Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599 21 Protists and Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 How do protists and fungi affect the homeostasis of other organisms and ecosystems? . 21 .1. Protist.Classification—The.Saga.Continues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602 . 21 .2. Protist.Structure.and.Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606 . 21 .3. The.Ecology.of.Protists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610 . 21 .4. Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618 . . Florida.Benchmark.Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631 22 Introduction to Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 What are the five main groups of plants, and how have four of these groups adapted to life on land? . 22 .1. What.Is.a.Plant?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634 . 22 .2. Seedless.Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639 . 22 .3. Seed.Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646 . 22 .4. Flowering.Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650 . . Florida.Benchmark.Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .661 23 Plant Structure and Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 How are cells, tissues, and organs organized into systems that carry out the basic functions of a seed plant? 23 .1. Specialized.Tissues.in.Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664 . 23 .2. Roots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .669 . 23 .3. Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674 . 23 .4. Leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680 . 23 .5. Transport.in.Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685 . . Florida.Benchmark.Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693 FL 13 FL T11 FFLL0011__bBioio1100__FsMe__TFEM._in0d0d1 3 1 113 3/5/12 5:36 AM 13/03/12 11:53 PM FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 14 3/29/10 5:09:09 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... FL01_Bio10_se_FM.indd Page 15 3/29/10 5:09:16 PM user-s191 /Volumes/125/PHS00103/BiologyFundamentals_2010/Student_Edition/0-13-366951-3_... 24 Plant Reproduction and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 How do changes in the environment affect the reproduction, development, and growth of plants? 24.1 Reproduction in Flowering Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696 24.2 Fruits and Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704 24.3 Plant Hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .708 24.4 Plants and Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .715 A Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .725 D I R Unit 6 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 O L F Animals 727–858 25 Introduction to Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 29 Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 What characteristics and traits define animals? How do animals interact with one another and their environments? 25.1 What Is an Animal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730 29.1 Elements of Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840 25.2 Animal Body Plans and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .737 29.2 Animals in Their Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857 26 Animal Evolution and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Unit 7 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 How have animals descended from earlier forms through the process of evolution? 26.1 Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752 26.2 Chordate Evolution and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757 The Human Body 8 59–1034 26.3 Primate Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .765 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779 30 Digestive and Excretory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 How are the materials that go into your body and the materials 27 Animal Systems I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 that come from your body related to homeostasis? How do the structures of animals allow them to obtain essential 30.1 Organization of the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862 materials and eliminate wastes? 30.2 Food and Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868 27.1 Feeding and Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .782 30.3 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875 27.2 Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 30.4 The Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .882 27.3 Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .791 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893 27.4 Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805 31 Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 How does the structure of the nervous system allow it to control 28 Animal Systems II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 functions in every part of the body? How do the body systems of animals allow them to collect 31.1 The Neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .896 information about their environments and respond appropriately? 31.2 The Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901 28.1 Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .808 31.3 The Peripheral Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906 28.2 Movement and Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .814 31.4 The Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .909 28.3 Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .919 28.4 Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .827 Florida Benchmark Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .837 FL T12 FL 14 • Go Digital. 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