Military Engagement: Influencing Armed Forces Worldwide to Support Democratic Transitions

158 Pages·02.982 MB·English

by  Dennis Blair

MILITARY
ENGAGEMENT
Influencing Armed Forces Worldwide
to Support Democratic Transitions
VOLUME I
Overview and Action Plan
DENNIS BLAIR
Military
engageMent
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Military
engageMent
Influencing Armed Forces Worldwide
to Support Democratic Transitions
VOLUME I
Overview and Action Plan
DEnnIs BLaIr
a project of the Council for a Community of Democracies
Brookings institution Press
Washington, D.C.
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about brookings
The Brookings Institution is a private nonprofit organization devoted
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and foreign policy. Its principal purpose is to bring the highest quality
independent research and analysis to bear on current and emerging
policy problems. Interpretations or conclusions in Brookings publications
should be understood to be solely those of the authors.
Copyright © 2013
Council for a Community of Democracies
1801 F Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing
from the Brookings Institution Press, except in the case of brief quotations
embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews.
Military Engagement: Influencing Armed Forces to Support Democratic
Transitions may be ordered from Brookings Institution Press,
1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
www.brookings.edu/press
Telephone: [phone] or 410/516-6956
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data
Blair, Dennis C.
Military engagement : influencing armed forces to support democratic
transitions / Dennis Blair.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8157-2505-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Armed Forces—Civic action. 2. Armed Forces—Political activity.
3. Democracy. 4. Civil-military relations. 5. Military relations. 6. Politics
and war. 7. World politics—21st century. I. Council for a Community of
Democracies. II. Title.
UH720.B53 2013
322'.5—dc23 2013001646
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed on acid-free paper
Typeset in Sabon and Ocean Sans
Composition by Cynthia Stock
Silver Spring, Maryland
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For
Mark PaLMEr
1941–2013
Champion of democracy
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Contents
FOreWOrD ix
Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
ACkNOWleDgMeNTS xi
1
Introduction: Influencing Dictatorships
to Become Democracies 1
2
What the Armed Forces look like in a Democracy 15
3
regional Transitions to Democracy 29
4
Developing Democracy: The Crucial role of the
Armed Forces 43
5
Outside Influences on Democratic Development 55
6
Military-Military relations during Violent
Insurrections and Campaigns of Civil resistance 83
7
Hard Cases 95
8
The Challenge Ahead 111
vii
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viii Contents
APPeNDIxeS
A. essential elements of Intelligence Information
Needed before Meeting with Counterparts in
Authoritarian Countries 117
B. The role of the Armed Forces in a Democratic System:
Template for a War College or regional Center Seminar 119
C. Field Trip Itineraries for Military Students from
Autocratic and Transitional Countries 123
D. exercise Checklist for the legal and Democratic
Use of Force 125
NOTeS 127
FUrTHer reADINg 131
INDex 135
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Foreword
Dr. susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
President, republic of Indonesia
Indonesia today is recognized as the world’s third largest
democracy after India and the United States, and one of the
most successful transformational stories of the early 21st cen-
tury. We have come a long way from independence in 1945
to be where we are today: a stable and peaceful democracy;
a coherent multi-ethnic nation; a g-20 emerging economy; a
regional power with global interests.
The Indonesian armed forces (TNI) have always played
a powerful and important role in Indonesia’s history. They
defeated the colonial powers’ attempts to reclaim Indonesia by
force after World War II, and they became a formidable political
force for many decades since our independence in 1945. In the
late 1990s, the TNI made a historic move to begin the process
of becoming a professional military and decoupling themselves
from politics. As it turned out, this became an important fac-
tor for Indonesia’s democratic transition which began in 1998.
Indeed, of all the national reforms undertaken at the time—
constitutional, political, electoral, bureaucratic, financial, leg-
islative, legal, etc.—military reform was among the most swift,
far-reaching and decisive.
As the Chief of Staff of the Socio-Political Affairs of the
TNI in 1997–1998, and as Chair of the Drafting Committee of
TNI reforms, I was privileged to play my part in designing the
ix
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