Military displays : technology and applications

164 Pages·2013·15.149 MB·English

by  Desjardins, Daniel D

Military
Displays
Technology and
Applications
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Military
Displays
Technology and
Applications
Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering
Volume TT95
Bellingham, Washington USA
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Desjardins,DanielD.
Militarydisplays:technologyandapplications/DanielD.Desjardins.
p.cm.–(Tutorialtextsinopticalengineering;v.TT95)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-8194-9155-8
1.Informationdisplaysystems.2.Electronicsinmilitaryengineering.
3.Electronicapparatusandappliances–Reliability.I.Title.
TK7882.I6D482013
623(cid:2).043–dc23
2012022681
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RutgersUniversity
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................. xi
Acknowledgments........................................................................................ xii
Chapter1 DisplayFundamentals................................................................ 1
1.1 TheLumen........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 LuminousFlux................................................................................................. 4
1.3 LuminousIntensity......................................................................................... 5
1.4 Illuminance........................................................................................................ 5
1.5 Luminance......................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Grayscale............................................................................................................ 8
1.7 ContrastRatio................................................................................................... 9
1.8 DimmingRatio................................................................................................ 10
1.9 DutyFactor........................................................................................................ 10
1.10 DwellTime........................................................................................................ 10
1.11 Resolution.......................................................................................................... 11
1.12 ViewingAngle................................................................................................. 12
1.13 ColorChromaticityCoordinates................................................................ 14
Chapter2 MilitaryDisplayTechnologies.................................................... 17
2.1 CathodeRayTube........................................................................................... 17
2.2 LiquidCrystalDisplay.................................................................................. 20
2.2.1 Dichroicliquidcrystaldisplay................................................... 23
2.2.2 Twistednematicliquidcrystaldisplay.................................... 24
2.2.3 Passiveliquidcrystaldisplay...................................................... 24
2.2.4 Activematrixliquidcrystaldisplay.......................................... 26
2.3 Light-EmittingDiodeDisplay.................................................................... 27
2.3.1 Activematrixorganiclight-emittingdiode............................ 30
2.4 ElectromechanicalDisplays........................................................................ 32
2.5 PlasmaDisplays............................................................................................... 33
2.5.1 Direct-currentplasmadisplays................................................... 37
2.5.2 Alternating-currentplasmadisplays......................................... 38
2.5.3 Neon.................................................................................................... 38
vii
viii Contents
2.6 Incandescence................................................................................................... 39
2.7 Electroluminescence...................................................................................... 40
2.7.1 Alternating-currentthin-filmelectroluminescence............. 40
2.7.2 Alternating-currentthick-filmelectroluminescence........... 42
2.7.3 Direct-currentthick-filmelectroluminescence..................... 43
2.7.4 Direct-currentthin-filmelectroluminescence....................... 44
2.8 LiquidCrystalonSilicon............................................................................. 44
2.9 Digital-Micromirror-DeviceMicroelectromechanicalSystem........ 46
2.10 Biaxial-Scanning-MirrorMicroelectromechanicalSystem.............. 47
2.11 Hybrids:ElectromechanicalLight-EmittingDiodesandCathode-
Ray-TubeLiquidCrystalDisplays............................................................ 49
2.12 3DDisplays....................................................................................................... 50
Chapter3 DisplayComponents................................................................... 51
3.1 Backlights.......................................................................................................... 51
3.1.1 Cold-andhot-cathodefluorescentlamps............................... 51
3.1.2 Light-emittingdiodebacklights................................................. 53
3.2 Polarizers............................................................................................................ 55
3.2.1 Circularandellipticalpolarizers............................................... 56
3.3 DimmingCircuitry......................................................................................... 58
3.3.1 Cold-andhot-cathodedimming................................................ 58
3.3.2 Light-emittingdiodebacklightdimming................................ 59
3.4 Diffusers............................................................................................................. 59
3.5 Brightness-EnhancementFilters................................................................ 59
3.6 FiberOpticLightPipe................................................................................... 60
3.7 ColorFilters...................................................................................................... 61
3.8 Tape-AutomatedBonding............................................................................ 61
3.9 ChiponGlass................................................................................................... 63
3.10 ChiponFoil...................................................................................................... 65
Chapter4 MilitaryDisplayCharacterization.............................................. 67
4.1 DisplayCategoriesandGroups.................................................................. 67
4.2 SizeDefinition.................................................................................................. 67
4.3 Direct-ViewDisplays..................................................................................... 68
4.4 Virtual-ViewDisplays:Head-UpDisplays,NightVisionGoggles,
Head-orHelmet-MountedDisplays,andElectronicSights............ 68
4.5 Head-UpandHead-DownDisplays.......................................................... 69
4.6 Low-andHigh-InformationContent........................................................ 69
4.7 DesignClass..................................................................................................... 70
Contents ix
Chapter5 MilitaryApplications................................................................... 71
5.1 Sizes..................................................................................................................... 71
5.1.1 Display size as a percent of Department of Defense
marketshare...................................................................................... 72
5.2 Technologies..................................................................................................... 72
5.2.1 Vanishingvendorandagingtechnologiesbygroup........... 73
5.3 High-VersusLow-InformationContent.................................................. 74
5.4 DesignClass..................................................................................................... 74
5.5 PerformanceParameters............................................................................... 76
5.5.1 Performanceparametersforavionicsdisplays..................... 76
5.5.1.1 Militaryavionicsdisplaysizes.................................. 76
5.5.1.2 MilitaryavionicsluminanceandCR....................... 76
5.5.1.3 Military avionics display night vision goggle
compatibility.................................................................... 87
5.5.1.4 Militaryavionicsresolution........................................ 88
5.5.1.5 Militaryavionicsdisplayviewingangles.............. 88
5.5.1.6 Militaryavionicsdisplayoperating/nonoperating
altitudelimits................................................................... 89
5.5.1.7 Militaryavionicsdisplayoperating/nonoperating
temperaturerange.......................................................... 89
5.5.2 Militaryvetronicsdisplayperformanceparameters............ 89
5.5.2.1 Militaryvetronicsdisplaysizes................................. 90
5.5.2.2 MilitaryvetronicsluminanceandCR..................... 92
5.5.2.3 Militaryvetronicsresolution...................................... 92
5.5.2.4 Militaryvetronicsshockandvibration
specifications................................................................... 94
5.5.2.5 Military vetronics operating/nonoperating tem-
peraturerange.................................................................. 100
5.5.3 Dismountedsoldierdisplayperformanceparameters........ 100
5.5.3.1 Dismountedsoldierdisplaysizesand
technologies..................................................................... 100
5.5.3.2 DismountedsoldierdisplayluminanceandCR.. 100
5.5.3.3 Dismountedsoldierdisplayresolution................... 100
5.5.3.4 Dismountedsoldierdisplaygraylevels
andcolors......................................................................... 103
5.5.3.5 Dismounted soldier display night vision goggle
compatibility.................................................................... 103
5.5.3.6 Dismountedsoldierdisplayoperating/
nonoperatingtemperaturerange............................... 107
5.5.3.7 Dismountedsoldierdisplayoperating/
nonoperatingaltitudelimits........................................ 107
5.5.4 C2facilityperformanceparameters......................................... 109
5.5.4.1 C2facilitydisplaysizesandtechnologies............. 109
5.5.4.2 C2facilitydisplayresolution..................................... 116
x Contents
5.5.4.3 Summary of research development test and
evaluation support complex satellite operations
centerdisplayperformance......................................... 117
AppendixA Symbols,Abbreviations,andAcronyms............................... 119
AppendixB GlossaryofMilitaryEquipment.............................................. 143
References...................................................................................................... 149
Index................................................................................................................. 153
Preface
This text requires little or no prior knowledge of displays by the reader and
only a brief knowledge in the sciences. Therefore, it begins by discussing the
fundamentals,commencingwithadefinitionofthelumen,anddevelopsotherkey
conceptssuchasluminousflux,luminousdensity,contrast,andgraylevels.Every
effort has been made to present a simple building-block approach that allows the
inter-relationandsolidityofthesetermstobewellunderstood.
Examplesofthemanyexistingdisplaytechnologiesinfieldedmilitarysystems
are discussed, including fading technologies such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs),
but also and especially advancing technologies such as active matrix liquid
crystal displays (AMLCDs) and active matrix organic light-emitting diodes
(AMOLEDs). These discussions are then followed by a look at major display
device subcomponents: backlights, polarizers, dimming circuitry, diffusers, light-
enhancementfilters,colorfilters,etc.
In Chapter 4, military platform categories and groups are outlined, as these
set a basis for design parameters. Fundamental display characteristics are defined
(e.g., size, direct or virtual view, head-up or head-down display, low or high
information content), further delineating displays, regardless of platform. Design
class is included as a way of looking at Department of Defense (DoD) displays
accordingtoinvestmentdollarsandindustrialbase.
Amajorthrustofthistutorialisanoverviewofthemilitarydisplaymarketitself,
includingperformanceparametertablesforfixedandrotary-wingaircraft,tracked
and wheeled vehicles, dismounted soldiers and downed pilots, and command and
control (C2) facilities. Included are a number of other tables that lay out more
generalized trends in the DoD market, e.g., display size as a percentage of DoD
market share, defense display market by technology, defense display market by
designclass,andidentificationofvanishingvendorandagingtechnologiesbyDoD
platformgroup.
The reader will benefit from this work by gaining a working knowledge of
display fundamentals as well as broad insight into the strength and vigor of the
DoDdisplaymarket.Withmorethan640weapon-systemplatformsand1,200,000
force-projection displays, the DoD display arena is indeed a rather large and
growingnichemarket.
DanielD.Desjardins
Waynesville,NorthCarolina
February2013
xi