Militant Democracy and Its Critics: Populism, Parties, Extremism PDF
Preview Militant Democracy and Its Critics: Populism, Parties, Extremism
Militant Democracy and Its Critics 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd ii 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd iiii 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM Militant Democracy and Its Critics Populism, Parties, Extremism Edited by ANTHOULA MALKOPOULOU AND ALEXANDER S. KIRSHNER 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd iiiiii 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Anthoula Malkopoulou and Alexander S. Kirshner, 2019 © the chapters their several authors, 2019 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 10/13 Giovanni by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 4560 3 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 4562 7 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 4563 4 (epub) The right of Anthoula Malkopoulou and Alexander S. Kirshner to be identifi ed as the editors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd iivv 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM CONTENTS List of Contributors / vii Acknowledgements / viii INTRODUCTION / Militant Democracy and Its Critics / 1 Anthoula Malkopoulou ONE / Individual Militant Democracy / 13 Jan-Werner Müller TWO / Democratic Equality and Militant Democracy / 38 Peter Stone THREE / Militant Democracy Defended / 56 Alexander S. Kirshner FOUR / Militant Democracy Versus Populism / 72 Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser FIVE / Three Models of Democratic Self-Defence / 92 Anthoula Malkopoulou and Ludvig Norman SIX / Resolving the Paradox of Tolerance / 112 Stefan Rummens SEVEN / Militant Democracy and the Study of Political Tolerance / 133 Giovanni Capoccia 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd vv 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM vi / Contents EIGHT / Liberal Democratic Sanctions in the EU / 150 Tore Vincents Olsen NINE / Militant Democracy and the Detection Problem / 169 Bastiaan Rijpkema TEN / Militant Constitutionalism / 187 András Sajó ELEVEN / Militant Democracy as an Inherent Democratic Quality / 207 Svetlana Tyulkina References / 226 Index / 248 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd vvii 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Giovanni Capoccia, University of Oxford, UK Alexander S. Kirshner, Duke University, USA Anthoula Malkopoulou, Uppsala University, Sweden Jan-Werner Müller, Princeton University, USA Ludvig Norman, Stockholm University, Sweden Bastiaan Rijpkema, Leiden University, Netherlands Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Diego Portales University, Chile Stefan Rummens, KU Leuven, Belgium András Sajó, Central European University, Hungary Peter Stone, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Svetlana Tyulkina, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia Tore Vincents Olsen, University of Aarhus, Denmark 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd vviiii 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We should like to thank three anonymous reviewers, as well as the edi- tors at Edinburgh University Press, particularly Adela Rauchova, Jenny Daly and David Lonergan. Elliot Mamet provided valuable research assistance in compiling the manuscript. Chapter 5 was previously published as ‘Three models of democratic self- defense: militant democracy and its alternatives’, Political Studies 66 (2): 442–458. The authors gratefully acknowledge permission by SAGE Publica- tions Ltd to republish the article in the present volume. 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd vviiiiii 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM INTRODUCTION Militant Democracy and Its Critics Anthoula Malkopoulou How should democracies respond to anti-democratic political parties? Right-wing extremism is resurgent in many countries. Far-right parties have achieved electoral breakthroughs in Sweden and Greece. The state of Hungarian and Polish democracy is at best tenuous. Incumbent parties are typically confounded by undemocratic electoral movements. And offi cial responses to the phenomenon inevitably stir political controversy. Militant democracy refers to the idea that elected governments should erect legal barriers to protect democracy from extremist parties. And it is an idea that has gained increasing attention from political theorists, as well as scholars of law and comparative politics (Capoccia 2013). The term ‘militant democracy’ was fi rst defi ned in 1937 by the constitu- tional lawyer Karl Loewenstein (1937a). A German émigré in the US, Loew- enstein’s focus was, naturally, the rise of fascist and Nazi parties in Europe. He defended ‘anti-extremist legislation’, including the prohibition of anti- democratic parties and party militias, restrictions of basic civil rights such as the freedom of assembly and freedom of speech, and the establishment of a political police (Loewenstein 1937b). Understandably, future Hitlers and Mussolinis were the target of this anti-fascist justifi cation of democracy’s defence. Fast-forward eighty years. The debate has changed since Loewenstein made his contribution, shedding his preoccupation with fascism and com- munism. Religious fundamentalism looms larger now. And states are grap- pling with illiberal, authoritarian or populist strategies that do not require leaders to disavow the language and institutions of democracy (Müller 2016a: 262). In the midst of these confrontations, a nuanced legal-theoretical debate 66110033__MMaallkkooppoouulloouu..iinndddd 11 0099//0055//1199 1122::3355 PPMM
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